Systems and Methods for Transporting Signals Inside Vehicles

ABSTRACT

A shared wired-based medium is deployed inside a vehicle, so as to interconnect various in-vehicle communication components such as radio transmitters, radio receivers, antennas, and processors. The shared wired-based medium is used by each of the communication components to send and receive intermediate-frequency (IF) signals to and from at least one of the other communication components, thereby implementing an efficient in-vehicle IF communication bus, in which each of the IF signals may be a frequency-shifted version of an original signal produced by one of the communication components, and in which such IF signal, after being transported by the shared wired-based medium, is extracted from the shared wired-based medium by at least one of the other communication components, which in turn frequency-shifts the extracted IF signal into a respective radio-frequency (RF) signal capable, for example, of being wirelessly transmitted outside of the vehicle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/149,768, titled “Systems and Methods For Maximizing DataTransmission Rates in Conjunction with a Spatial-MultiplexingTransmission,” filed on Oct. 2, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/941,873, now U.S. Pat. No.10,148,336, titled “Systems and Methods for Using Spatial Multiplexingin Conjunction with a Multi-Conductor Cable,” filed on Mar. 30, 2018,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/894,182,now U.S. Pat. No. 10,177,832, titled “Using a Coaxial Cable forDistributing MIMO Signals In-House,” filed on Feb. 12, 2018, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/244,306, nowU.S. Pat. No. 10,027,374, titled “Systems and Methods for WirelessCommunication Using a Wire-Based Medium,” filed on Aug. 23, 2016, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/209,404, titled“Systems and Methods for Wireless Communication Using a Wire-BasedMedium,” filed on Aug. 25, 2015.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates to the field of wireless communication.More specifically, it relates to wireless communication systems andmethods using a wire-based medium.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication with mobile devices may be adversely affected bysignal fading, multi-path, electromagnetic wave propagation throughwalls, and other such phenomena. Needed are methods and systems tobetter facilitate wireless communication.

SUMMARY

Example embodiments described herein have innovative features, no singleone of which is indispensable or solely responsible for their desirableattributes. The following description and drawings set forth certainillustrative implementations of the disclosure in detail, which areindicative of several exemplary ways in which the various principles ofthe disclosure may be carried out. The illustrative examples, however,are not exhaustive of the many possible embodiments of the disclosure.Without limiting the scope of the claims, some of the advantageousfeatures will now be summarized. Other objects, advantages and novelfeatures of the disclosure will be set forth in the following detaileddescription of the disclosure when considered in conjunction with thedrawings, which are intended to illustrate, not limit, the invention.

An aspect of the invention is directed to a system operative totransport multi-standard signals between different elements in a vehicleusing a shared wire-based medium, comprising: at least a firsttransmission source and a second transmission source, all embedded in avehicle, in which the first transmission source is configured togenerate a first intermediate frequency (IF) signal associated with afirst wireless transmission standard and having a first frequency span,and the second transmission source is configured to generate a second IFsignal associated with a second wireless transmission standard andhaving a second different frequency span; at least a first antennaco-located with a first converter and a second antenna co-located with asecond converter, all embedded in the vehicle; and a shared wired-basedmedium interconnecting the transmission sources and converters, whereinthe system is configured to: transport, via the shared wired-basedmedium, the first IF signal from the first transmission source to thefirst converter, and the second IF signal from the second transmissionsource to the second converter, up-convert the first IF signaltransported and the second IF signal transported, respectively by thefirst converter and the second converter, into a first radio frequency(RF) signal having a first frequency span associated with the firststandard and a second RF signal having a second frequency spanassociated with the second standard, and transmit wirelessly the firstRF signal and the second RF signal respectively via the first antennaand the second antenna.

In one or more embodiments, the system is further configured to: receivea first inbound RF signal having the first frequency span associatedwith the first standard and a second inbound RF signal having the secondfrequency span associated with the second standard via the first antennaand the second antenna respectively, down-convert the first inbound RFsignal and the second inbound RF signal, by the first converter and thesecond converted respectively, into a first inbound IF signal having athird frequency span and a second inbound IF signal having a fourthdifferent frequency span, respectively, and transport, via the sharedwired-based medium, the first inbound IF signal from the first converterto a first receiver operative to decode the first inbound IF signal inconjunction with the first standard, and the second inbound IF signalfrom the second converter to a second receiver operative to decode thesecond inbound IF signal in conjunction with the second standard. In oneor more embodiments, the first standard is a cellular communicationstandard associated with one of: (i) long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology (2G), (iii)third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourth generationcellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generation cellular technology(5G), and the second standard is a cellular communication standardassociated with a different one of: (i) long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology (2G), (iii)third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourth generationcellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generation cellular technology(5G). In one or more embodiments, the frequency span associated with thefist standard is associated with one of: (i) a 500 MHz (five hundredmegahertz) band, (ii) a 600 MHz (six hundred megahertz) band, (iii) a700 MHz (seven hundred megahertz) band, (iv) a 800 MHz (eight hundredmegahertz) band, (v) a 900 MHz (nine hundred megahertz) band, (vi) a 1.7GHz (one point seven gigahertz) band, (vii) a 1.8 GHz (one point eightgigahertz) band, (viii) a 1.9 GHz (one point nine gigahertz) band, (ix)a 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x) a 2.3 GHz (two point threegigahertz) band, (xi) a 2.4 GHz (two point four gigahertz) band, (xii) a2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz) band, (xiii) a 3.6 GHz (three pointsix gigahertz) band, or (xiv) a 26 GHz (twenty six gigahertz) band, and(xv) a millimeter-wave band, and the frequency span associated with thesecond standard is associated with a different one of: (i) the 500 MHz(five hundred megahertz) band, (ii) the 600 MHz (six hundred megahertz)band, (iii) the 700 MHz (seven hundred megahertz) band, (iv) the 800 MHz(eight hundred megahertz) band, (v) the 900 MHz (nine hundred megahertz)band, (vi) the 1.7 GHz (one point seven gigahertz) band, (vii) the 1.8GHz (one point eight gigahertz) band, (viii) the 1.9 GHz (one point ninegigahertz) band, (ix) the 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x)the 2.3 GHz (two point three gigahertz) band, (xi) the 2.4 GHz (twopoint four gigahertz) band, (xii) the 2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz)band, (xiii) the 3.6 GHz (three point six gigahertz) band, (xiv) the 26GHz (twenty six gigahertz) band, or (xv) the millimeter-wave band.

In one or more embodiments, the first standard is a cellularcommunication standard associated with at least one of: (i) long termevolution cellular technology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellulartechnology (2G), (iii) third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv)fourth generation cellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generationcellular technology (5G), and the second standard is a radar standardassociated with at least one of: (i) millimeter-wave radar technology,(ii) microwave radar technology, (iii) phased-array radar technology, or(iv) MIMO radar technology. In one or more embodiments, the firststandard is a general purpose cellular communication standard, and thesecond standard is a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standard.In one or more embodiments, the V2X communication standard is associatedwith at least one of: (i) IEEE 801.11p dedicated short-rangecommunication (DSRC), or (ii) 3GPP cellular vehicle-to-everything(C-V2X) communication.

In one or more embodiments, the first converter includes a first RFmixer operative to shift the first IF signal into a higher frequencyassociated with the frequency span of the first standard, and the secondconverter includes a second RF mixer operative to shift the second IFsignal into a higher frequency associated with the frequency span of thesecond standard. In one or more embodiments, the first transmissionsource comprises: (i) a first transmitter configured to generate anoriginal version of the first RF signal having the first frequency spanassociated with the first standard, and (ii) a first down-converterconfigured to shift the original version of the first RF signal into alower frequency associated with the first frequency span of the first IFsignal; and the second transmission source comprises: (i) a secondtransmitter configured to generate an original version of the second RFsignal having the second frequency span associated with the secondstandard, and (ii) a second down-converter configured to shift theoriginal version of the second RF signal into a lower frequencyassociated with the second frequency span of the second IF signal, wherethe first RF signal is an exact replica of the original version of thefirst RF signal and having the exact same frequency span, and the secondRF signal is an exact replica of the original version of the second RFsignal and having the exact same frequency span. In one or moreembodiments, the shared wired-based medium is associated with at leastone of: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted pair wire, (iii) acat5/cat6/cat7 cable, or (iv) any cable capable of facilitatingpropagation of electromagnetic signals.

In one or more embodiments, the transmission sources and the convertersare connected to the shared wired-based medium at different points usingtri-port RF elements. In one or more embodiments, the tri-port RFelements comprise diplexers.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method for transportingmulti-standard signals between different elements in a vehicle using ashared wire-based medium, comprising: associating, in a vehicle, aplurality of intermediate frequency (IF) slots respectively with aplurality of signal producers that are associated respectively with aplurality of wireless transmission standards; transporting, via a sharedwire-based medium, using the plurality of IF slots, respectively aplurality of signals from the plurality of signal producers to aplurality of signal consumers; and up-converting, by the plurality ofsignal consumers, from the shared wire-based medium, the plurality ofsignals into a respective plurality of radio-frequency (RF) signalshaving respectively a plurality of RF frequency spans associatedrespectively with the plurality of wireless transmission standards.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the signal producers is abaseband transmitter operative to convert data symbols into at least oneof the signals that therefore constitutes a modulated signal fortransmission, at least one of the respective signal consumers comprisesa mixer and an antenna, said up-converting of the respective signal intothe respective RF signal is done by said mixer, and the method furthercomprises transmitting wirelessly the respective RF signal via saidantenna. In one or more embodiments, the baseband transmitter isassociated with one of: (i) a long term evolution cellular technology(LTE) transmitter, (ii) a second generation cellular technology (2G)transmitter, (iii) a third generation cellular technology (3G)transmitter, (iv) a fourth generation cellular technology (4G)transmitter, or (v) a fifth generation cellular technology (5G)transmitter. In one or more embodiments, the baseband transmitter isassociated with a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standardtransmitter.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the signal producerscomprises an antenna with a mixer together operative to receive awireless input signal conveying data symbols and down-convert thewireless input signal into at least one of the respective signalsassociated with one of the IF slots, at least one of the respectivesignal consumers comprises a receiver and a second mixer, saidup-converting of the respective signal into the respective RF signal isdone by said second mixer, and the method further comprises decoding, bythe receiver, the data symbols present in the respective RF signal. Inone or more embodiments, the receiver is associated with at least oneof: (i) an FM radio receiver, in which the respective wirelesstransmission standard is a FM radio transmission standard, (ii) adigital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) receiver, in which therespective wireless transmission standard is DVB-T, (iii) an advancedtelevision systems committee (ATSC) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is ATSC, (iv) a satellite radio receiver,(v) a digital audio broadcasting (DAB) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is DAB, or (vi) an in-band on-channel(IBOC) digital radio receiver, in which the respective wirelesstransmission standard is IBOC. In one or more embodiments, the receiveris associated with one of: (i) a long term evolution cellular technology(LTE) receiver, (ii) a second generation cellular technology (2G)receiver, (iii) a third generation cellular technology (3G) receiver,(iv) a fourth generation cellular technology (4G) receiver, or (v) afifth generation cellular technology (5G) receiver. In one or moreembodiments, the receiver is associated with a vehicle-to-everything(V2X) communication standard receiver.

Yet another aspect of the invention is directed to a system operative totransport signals between different elements in a vehicle using a sharedwire-based medium, comprising: a first transmission source embedded at afirst location in a vehicle and configured to generate a firsttransmission signal; a first converter co-located with the firsttransmission source; a first antenna embedded at a second location inthe vehicle; a second converter co-located with the first antenna; and ashared wire-based medium interconnecting the first converted and thesecond converter, wherein the system is configured to: use the firstconverter to shift in frequency the first transmission signal, therebyproducing an intermediate-frequency (IF) version of the firsttransmission signal, transport the IF version of the first signal, viathe shared wire-based medium, from the first converter into the secondconverter, use the second converter to extract the IF version of thefirst signal from the shared wire-based medium, and shift in frequencythe IF version of the first signal, thereby producing a radio-frequency(RF) version of the first signal, and wirelessly transmit the RF versionof the first signal via the first antenna.

In one or more embodiments, the system further comprises a secondtransmission source embedded at a third location in the vehicle andconfigured to generate a second transmission signal; a third converterco-located with the second transmission source; a second antennaembedded at a fourth location in the vehicle; and a fourth converterco-located with the second antenna, wherein the system is furtherconfigured to: use the third converter to shift in frequency the secondtransmission signal, thereby producing an IF version of the secondsignal, in which the IF version of the second signal has a differentfrequency span than the IF version of the first signal, transport the IFversion of the second signal, via the shared wire-based medium, from thethird converter into the fourth converter, in which the IF version ofthe second signal coexists in the shared wire-based medium together withthe IF version of the first signal as the two signals have differentfrequency spans, use the fourth converter to extract the IF version ofthe second signal from the shared wire-based medium, and shift infrequency the IF version of the second signal, thereby producing a RFversion of the second signal, and wirelessly transmit the RF version ofthe second signal via the second antenna.

In one or more embodiments, the IF version of the second signal and theIF version of the first signal contain frequencies below 500 MHz (fivehundred megahertz), and the RF version of the second signal and the RFversion of the first signal contain frequencies above 500 MHz (fivehundred megahertz), in which the shared wire-based medium is better attransporting frequencies below 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) thantransporting frequencies above 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz). In oneor more embodiments, the IF version of the second signal and the IFversion of the first signal contain frequencies below 1 GHz (onegigahertz), and the RF version of the second signal and the RF versionof the first signal contain frequencies above 1 GHz (one gigahertz), inwhich the shared wire-based medium is better at transporting frequenciesbelow 1 GHz (one gigahertz) than transporting frequencies above 1 GHz(one gigahertz). In one or more embodiments, the IF version of thesecond signal and the IF version of the first signal contain frequenciesbelow 1.5 GHz (one point five gigahertz), and the RF version of thesecond signal and the RF version of the first signal contain frequenciesabove 1.5 GHz (one point five gigahertz), in which the shared wire-basedmedium is better at transporting frequencies below 1.5 GHz (one pointfive gigahertz) than transporting frequencies above 1.5 GHz (one pointfive gigahertz).

In one or more embodiments, the second antenna and the first antenna area same one antenna operative to transmit the RF version of the firstsignal and the RF version of the second signal via two different bandsrespectively. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle is an on-roadvehicle having a length of at least two meters, the first location andthe second location are separated by at least one meter, the secondlocation and the fourth location are associated with an exterior surfaceof the vehicle related to at least one of: (i) a roof of the vehicle, inwhich at least one of the antennas is mounted on the roof of thevehicle, (ii) a front side of the vehicle, in which at least one of theantennas points forward, (iii) a rear side of the vehicle, in which atleast one of the antennas points backwards, or (iv) a door of thevehicle, in which at least one of the antennas points sideways, and thefirst location and the third location are associated with internallocations in the vehicle, in which the first transmission source and thesecond transmission source are either co-located at a single internallocation or separated in two different internal locations in thevehicle.

In one or more embodiments, the system is further configured to: receivea first inbound RF signal via the first antenna, down-convert the firstinbound RF signal, by the second converter, into a first inbound IFsignal, and transport, via the shared wired-based medium, the firstinbound IF signal from the second converter to a first receiverassociated with the first transmission source. In one or moreembodiments, the system further comprises a second antenna embedded at athird location in the vehicle; and a third converter co-located with thesecond antenna, wherein the system is further configured to: transportthe IF version of the first signal, via the shared wire-based medium,from the first converter into the third converter, use the thirdconverter to extract the IF version of the first signal from the sharedwire-based medium, and shift in frequency the IF version of the firstsignal, thereby producing a second radio-frequency (RF) version of thefirst signal, and wirelessly transmit the second RF version of the firstsignal via the second antenna. In one or more embodiments, the system isfurther configured to measure, between and by the first converter andthe second converter, a frequency response of the shared wire-basedmedium, and equalize, by at least one of the second converter and thefirst converter, the RF version of the first signal using saidmeasurement.

IN THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments are herein described, by way of example only, withreference to the accompanying drawings. No attempt is made to showstructural details of the embodiments in more detail than is necessaryfor a fundamental understanding of the embodiments. In the drawings:

FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to: convert aplurality of streams associated with spatial multiplexing into aplurality of signals, transport the plurality of signals via awire-based medium, shift the plurality of signals into a plurality ofoutput signals occupying a single wireless frequency range, and transmitwirelessly the output signals, thereby achieving spatial multiplexing inconjunction with the wire-based medium;

FIG. 1B illustrates one embodiment of the frequencies occupied by theplurality of signals transported via a wire-based medium, and the singlewireless frequency occupied by the plurality of output signals;

FIG. 1C illustrates one embodiment of a plurality of mixer signals;

FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to use spatialmultiplexing to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of different signals occupyingvarious frequencies in conjunction with the system operative to usespatial multiplexing to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a spatial expansion element;

FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to re-use aplurality of streams associated with spatial multiplexing andtransported over a wire-based medium;

FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to prevent afirst wireless transmission from interfering with a second wirelesstransmission both transported over a wire-based medium;

FIG. 4A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to coverwirelessly multiple spatial locations via a wire-based medium usinggrouping of streams associated with spatial multiplexing;

FIG. 4B illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to resolve asub-optimal communication condition;

FIG. 4C illustrates one embodiment of frequency assignments for signalsprior to resolving the sub-optimal communication condition;

FIG. 4D illustrates one embodiment of frequency assignments for signalsafter resolving the sub-optimal communication condition;

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to achievespatial-division-multiple-access via a wire-based medium by grouping ofstreams in conjunction with a plurality of spatial locations;

FIG. 6A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to use wirelessframe aggregation to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 6B illustrates one embodiment of a transient interference appearingin an aggregated data frame and in conjunction with the system operativeto use wireless frame aggregation to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 7A illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a wire-based medium;

FIG. 7B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a method for re-using a pluralityof streams associated with spatial multiplexing and transported over awire-based medium;

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a method for preventing a firstwireless transmission from interfering with a second wirelesstransmission both transported over a wire-based medium;

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a method for covering wirelesslymultiple spatial locations via a wire-based medium using grouping ofstreams associated with spatial multiplexing;

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of a method for achievingspatial-division-multiple-access via a wire-based medium by grouping ofstreams in conjunction with a plurality of spatial locations;

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a method for using wireless frameaggregation to mitigate wire-based interferences;

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a method for transporting aplurality of streams associated with spatial multiplexing over awire-based medium together with corresponding mixer signals;

FIG. 14A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to generatesimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsusing two separate wireless frequency ranges;

FIG. 14B illustrates one embodiment of a method for generatingsimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsusing two separate wireless frequency ranges;

FIG. 14C illustrates one embodiment of a method for generatingsimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsassociated with a single service-set-identifier (SSID) but using twoseparate wireless frequency ranges;

FIG. 15A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to use spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a plurality of multi-conductor cables;

FIG. 15B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a plurality of multi-conductor cables;

FIG. 16A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to duplicatedindoor several times a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing and obtained outdoor;

FIG. 16B illustrates one embodiment of a method for propagatingmultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signals from an outdoorenvironment to an indoor environment;

FIG. 17A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to duplicatedindoor several times a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing and obtained in a specific room;

FIG. 17B illustrates one embodiment of a method for propagatingmultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signals between rooms;

FIG. 18A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to replicatean exact frequency match among a plurality of signals associated withspatial multiplexing;

FIG. 18B illustrates one embodiment of various signals in a systemoperative to replicate an exact frequency match among a plurality ofsignals associated with spatial multiplexing;

FIG. 18C illustrates one embodiment of a method for replicating an exactfrequency match among a plurality of signals associated with spatialmultiplexing;

FIG. 19A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to directtransmissions over a wire-based medium;

FIG. 19B illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to directtransmissions over a wire-based medium;

FIG. 19C illustrates one embodiment of a method for adapting a wirelesscommunication system by reorganizing related transmissions over awire-based medium;

FIG. 20A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to be easilyfastened to a wall-mounted socket having an outer thread;

FIG. 20B illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to be easilyfastened to a wall-mounted socket having an outer thread;

FIG. 20C illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to be easilyfastened to a wall-mounted socket having an outer thread;

FIG. 20D illustrates one embodiment of a method for easily fastening abox to a wall-mounted socket;

FIG. 21A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to maximizedata transmission rates in conjunction with a spatial-multiplexingtransmission;

FIG. 21 B illustrates one embodiment of a method for maximizing datatransmission rates in conjunction with a spatial-multiplexingtransmission;

FIG. 22A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to utilize adedicated frequency range in support of spatial multiplexing over adifferent frequency range;

FIG. 22B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using a firsttransmission to facilitate generation of an auxiliary spatialmultiplexing transmission;

FIG. 23A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to transportsignals between different elements in a vehicle using a sharedwire-based medium;

FIG. 23B illustrates one embodiment of intermediate frequency (IF)signals to be first transported in-vehicle over the shared wire-basedmedium and then converted into radio frequency (RF) signals; and

FIG. 23C illustrates one embodiment of a method for transporting signalsbetween different elements in a vehicle using a shared wire-basedmedium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C,FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B.

FIG. 7B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing to mitigate wire-based interferences. In step 1021,converting, by a base converter 1-BC, a plurality of streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3 respectively into a plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 occupying respectively a plurality of differentfrequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, in which the plurality ofstreams are associated with spatial multiplexing, as illustrated in FIG.2A. In step 1022, transporting, by the base converter 1-BC, theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 via a wire-based medium2-WM respectively to a plurality of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, in whichan interference 2-i (FIG. 2A) associated with the wire-based medium 2-WMaffects at least one of the signals 2-sig-1 in one of the frequencyranges 2-fr-1, but not all of the signals in all of the frequencyranges. In step 1023, shifting, by each of the plurality of mixers3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, the respective one of the signals from therespective frequency range to a single wireless frequency range 4-wfr(i.e., 3-x-1 is shifting 2-sig-1 from 2-fr-1 to 4-wfr, 3-x-2 is shifting2-sig-2 from 2-fr-2 to 4-wfr, and 3-x-3 is shifting 2-sig-3 from 2-fr-3to 4-wfr), thereby creating, respectively, a plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 each occupying the single wireless frequencyrange 4-wfr and corresponding to the respective stream (i.e. 4-out-1corresponding to 1-st-1, 4-out-2 corresponding to 1-st-2, and 4-out-3corresponding to 1-st-3). In step 1024, transmitting wirelessly theplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 respectively via aplurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 thereby achievingspatial multiplexing in conjunction with the plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 all occupying the single wireless frequencyrange 4-wfr, wherein at least one of the plurality of output signals4-out-1 transmitted wirelessly is affected 2-i′ (FIG. 2B) by theinterference 2-i (since 4-out-1 is derived from 2-sig-1 which wasaffected by the interference 2-i), but not all of the output signals areaffected by the interference, thereby facilitating successful decodingof N data streams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2 associated with the spatialmultiplexing.

One embodiment further comprises: generating, by an access point 1-AP,the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, out of the N datastreams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2, using a spatial expansion element 1-Q, wherein:the N data streams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2 (e.g. N=2) are mapped into theplurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 comprising M streams (e.g.M=3), such that M is equal to N, or M is greater than N, in which theinterference 2-i causes the access point 1-AP to decrease N relative toM, up to a point that facilitates said successful decoding of the N datastreams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2 associated with the spatial multiplexing, therebyessentially overcoming the interference 2-i. An example of such anembodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2C.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is a wifi access pointsupporting at least partly a standard associated with IEEE 802.11, suchas IEEE 802.11n or IEEE 802.11ac, in which the spatial multiplexing inconjunction with plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is part ofthe standard.

In one embodiment, the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 are OFDM signals, thereby further overcoming the interference2-i in conjunction with the spatial multiplexing.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is an LTE access point or anLTE base-station supporting at least partly a standard associated withLTE, in which the spatial multiplexing in conjunction with plurality ofstreams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is part of the standard.

In one embodiment, said interference 2-i is associated with noise on thewire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the interference 2-i is associated with signalreflections associated with the wire-based medium 2-WM, in which thesignal reflections adversely affect a transfer function associated withthe wire-based medium 2-WM in one of the frequency ranges 2-fr-1associated with one of the signals 2-sig-1.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is selected from a groupconsisting of: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted-pair cable, (iii)category-5 cable, and (iv) any cable capable of facilitating propagationof electromagnetic signals.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cabledeployed in-house; the plurality of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 areassociated respectively with a plurality of radio-frequency chains3-RF-1, 3-RF-2, 3-RF-3 operative together to facilitate said shifting ofthe plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 to the singlewireless frequency range 4-wfr; and the plurality of radio-frequencychains 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2, 3-RF-3 are housed in at least a single converter3-con-1 placed in a room in-house, or are housed respectively in aplurality of converters placed in a plurality of rooms in-house. In someembodiments, in-house can include a house, a building, or otherstructure that can include one or more rooms.

In one embodiment, the interference 2-i is associated with signalsinjected into the coaxial cable by in-house electronic appliances.

In one embodiment, the interference 2-i is associated with reflectionsproduced by in-house stubs of the coaxial cable.

In one embodiment, the plurality of different frequency ranges 2-fr-1,2-fr-2, 2-fr-3 are located below 1.5 GHz, at frequency zones that are,at least momentarily, not occupied by in-house coaxial signals such asDOCSIS signals, MoCA signals, and cable TV signals.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a radio frequency form at frequencybands above 1.5 GHz, such as a 1.8 GHz band, a 1.9 GHz band, a 2.0 GHzband, a 2.3 GHz band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 2.5 GHz band, or a 5 GHz band;and said conversion of the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3respectively into the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 isperformed respectively by a plurality of mixers 1-xs in the baseconverter 1-BC operating as down-converters.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a base-band form; and saidconversion of the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3respectively into the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 isperformed respectively by a plurality of mixers 1-xs in the baseconverter 1-BC operating as up-converters.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a digital form; and said conversionof the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 respectively into theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 is a modulation process,such as OFDM modulation process.

One embodiment further comprising: generating, by an access point 1-AP,the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, out of the N datastreams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2, wherein: the access point 1-AP is a wifi accesspoint supporting at least partly a standard associated with IEEE 802.11,such as IEEE 802.11n or IEEE 802.11ac, in which the spatial multiplexingin conjunction with plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is partof the standard.

In one embodiment, the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 all occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr areassociated with the standard.

In one embodiment, the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr is a singlechannel associated with the standard.

In one embodiment, the single channel is associated with an unlicensedism band selected from a group of unlicensed bands consisting of (i) the2.4 GHz band, and (ii) the 5 GHz band.

In one embodiment, the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 are OFDM signals.

One embodiment further comprising: generating, by an access point 1-AP,the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, out of the N datastreams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2, wherein: the access point 1-AP is an LTE accesspoint supporting at least partly a standard associated with LTE, inwhich the spatial multiplexing in conjunction with plurality of streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is part of the standard.

In one embodiment, the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 all occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr areassociated with the standard.

In one embodiment, the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr is a singlechannel associated with the standard.

In one embodiment, the single channel is associated with a licensed bandselected from a group of licensed bands consisting of (i) the 1.8 GHzband, (ii) the 1.9 GHz band, and (iii) the 2.0 GHz band.

In one embodiment, the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 are OFDMA signals.

One embodiment is a system 1-AP, 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3,3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 1-Q, configured to facilitate spatialmultiplexing to mitigate wire-based interferences.

FIG. 7A illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a wire-based medium. In step 1011,Converting a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, 1-st-4,1-st-5, 1-st-n associated with spatial multiplexing, respectively, intoa plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n occupying respectively a plurality of different frequencies2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n. In step 1012,Transporting the plurality of signals via a wire-based medium 2-WM. Instep 1013, Shifting the plurality of signals into, respectively, aplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out-4, 4-out-5,4-out-n all occupying a single wireless frequency 4-wfr. In step 1014,Transmitting wirelessly the plurality of output signals, respectively,via a plurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5,3-ant-n, thereby achieving spatial multiplexing in conjunction with thewire-based medium.

One embodiment is a system (FIG. 1A) operative to use spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a wire-based medium, for example asillustrated in FIG. FIG. 2A. The system includes: an access point 1-AP,a base converter 1-BC, a wire-based medium 2-WM, and a plurality ofantennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n.

The system is configured to:

convert a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, 1-st-4, 1-st-5,1-st-n associated with spatial multiplexing, respectively, into aplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n occupying respectively a plurality of different frequencies2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n;

transport the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4,2-sig-5, 2-sig-n, in conjunction with the plurality of differentfrequencies 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n, via thewire-based medium 2-WM;

shift the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4,2-sig-5, 2-sig-n into, respectively, a plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n, in which all saidoutput signals occupy a single wireless frequency 4-wfr, in which saidshift is achieved by up-converting each one of the signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n from the corresponding oneof the different frequencies 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5,2-fr-n into the single wireless frequency 4-wfr; and transmitwirelessly, using only the single wireless frequency 4-wfr, theplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out-4, 4-out-5,4-out-n, respectively, via the plurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n all operating in conjunction with thesingle wireless frequency 4-wfr, thereby achieving spatial multiplexingin conjunction with the wire-based medium 2-WM.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 3A, FIG. 8.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a method for re-using a pluralityof streams associated with spatial multiplexing and transported over awire-based medium. In step 1031, converting, by a base converter 1-BC, aplurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 respectively into aplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 occupying respectively aplurality of different frequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, in whichthe plurality of streams are associated with spatial multiplexing, asillustrated in FIG. 3A. In step 1032, transporting, by the baseconverter 1-BC, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 via awire-based medium 2-WM respectively to a first plurality of mixers3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, and respectively to a second plurality of mixers3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n. In step 1033, shifting, by each of the firstplurality of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, the respective one of thesignals from the respective frequency range to a single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-1 is shifting 2-sig-1 from 2-fr-1 to4-wfr, 3-x-2 is shifting 2-sig-2 from 2-fr-2 to 4-wfr, and 3-x-3 isshifting 2-sig-3 from 2-fr-3 to 4-wfr), thereby creating, respectively,a first plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 eachoccupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr and corresponding tothe respective stream (i.e. 4-out-1 corresponding to 1-st-1, 4-out-2corresponding to 1-st-2, and 4-out-3 corresponding to 1-st-3), andshifting, by each of the second plurality of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n,the respective one of the signals from the respective frequency range tothe single wireless frequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-4 is shifting2-sig-1 from 2-fr-1 to 4-wfr, 3-x-5 is shifting 2-sig-2 from 2-fr-2 to4-wfr, and 3-x-n is shifting 2-sig-3 from 2-fr-3 to 4-wfr), therebycreating, respectively, a second plurality of output signals 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n each occupying the single wireless frequency range4-wfr and corresponding to the respective stream (i.e. 4- out-4corresponding to 1-st-1, 4-out-5 corresponding to 1-st-2, and 4-out-ncorresponding to 1-st-3). In step 1034, transmitting wirelessly thefirst plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 via a firstplurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 thereby achievingspatial multiplexing in conjunction with the first plurality of outputsignals all occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr, andtransmitting wirelessly the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n via a second plurality of antennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5,3-ant-n, thereby achieving spatial multiplexing in conjunction with thesecond plurality of output signals all occupying the single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr.

In one embodiment, the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 transmitted wirelessly and the second plurality ofoutput signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n transmitted wirelessly, alloccupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr, are combinedwirelessly at different spatial locations 4-macro-d-loc such as tocreate macro-diversity in conjunction with the spatial multiplexing.

In one embodiment, the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 and the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n are received and decoded in conjunction with saidmacro-diversity by a client device 5-cl-3 located in one of thedifferent spatial locations 4-macro-d-loc.

In one embodiment, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 ,the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, and thesecond plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n, are OFDMor OFDMA signals associated with a standard selected from a groupconsisting of (i) wifi, (ii) wimax, and (iii) LTE, in which a pluralityof sub-carriers in the plurality of signals and in the pluralities ofoutput signals facilitate said macro-diversity in conjunction with thespatial multiplexing.

In one embodiment, the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 transmitted wirelessly are associated with a firstspatial location 4-loc-1, and the second plurality of output signals4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n transmitted wirelessly are associated with asecond spatial location 4-loc-2, such that a first client 5-cl-1 deviceassociated with the first spatial location 4-loc-1 is able to decodedata streams associated with the spatial multiplexing using the firstplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, and a secondclient device 5-cl-2 associated with the second spatial location 4-loc-2is able to decode data streams associated with the spatial multiplexingusing the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cabledeployed in-house, in which the first spatial location 4-loc-1 is afirst room in-house, and the second spatial location 4-loc-2 is a secondroom in-house. In some embodiments, in-house can include a house, abuilding, or other structure that can include one or more rooms.

In one embodiment, the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 and the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n are associated with LTE in a licensed band and aretransmitted each at a power level of below 10 (ten) dBm and above −30(minus thirty) dBm, which is low enough to not interfere with outdoorLTE transmissions in the licensed band, but is also high enough to bereceived by the client devices 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2 in the different rooms4-loc-1, 4-loc-2 as facilitated by the wire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the first plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 and the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n are associated with IEEE 802.11 and wifi in unlicensedband and are received by the client devices 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2 in thedifferent rooms 4-loc-1, 4-loc-2 as facilitated by the wire-based medium2-WM, thereby improving in-house wifi communication.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is selected from a groupconsisting of: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted-pair cable, (iii)category-5 cable, and (iv) any cable capable of facilitating propagationof electromagnetic signals.

One embodiment is a system 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n,configured to re-use a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing and transported over a wire-based medium, for example asillustrated in FIG. 3A.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 3B, FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a method for preventing a firstwireless transmission from interfering with a second wirelesstransmission both transported over a wire-based medium. In step 1041,shifting, by a second plurality of mixers 3-x-4′, 3-x-5′, 3-x-n′,respectively, a second plurality of input signals 4-in-4, 4-in-5,4-in-n, each occupying a single wireless frequency range 4-wfr,respectively into a second plurality of upstream signals 2-sig-1″,2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ occupying respectively a plurality of differentfrequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3 (FIG. 1 B), in which the secondplurality of input signals 4-in-4, 4-in-5, 4-in-n are receivedwirelessly from a second client device 5-cl-2 respectively via a secondplurality of antennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n. In step 1042,transporting the second plurality of upstream signals 2-sig-1″,2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ via a wire-based medium 2-WM to a base converter 1-BCoperative to convert the second plurality of upstream signals 2-sig-1″,2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ respectively into a plurality of receive streams1-st-1′, 1-st-2′, 1-st-3′. In step 1043, detecting, by a detector 3-Dassociated with the second plurality of mixers 3-x-4′, 3-x-5′, 3-x-n′, apresence of the second plurality of input signals 4-in-4, 4-in-5,4-in-n. In step 1044, preventing, by a controller 3-C associated with afirst plurality of mixers 3-x-1′, 3-x-2′, 3-x-3′, based on saiddetection, from shifting, by the first plurality of mixers 3-x-1′,3-x-2′, 3-x-3′, respectively, a first plurality of input signals 4-in-1,4-in-2, 4-in-3, each occupying the single wireless frequency range4-wfr, respectively into a first plurality of upstream signals 2-sig-1′,2-sig-2′, 2-sig-3′ occupying respectively the plurality of differentfrequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3 (FIG. 1 B), in which the firstplurality of input signals 4-in-1, 4-in-2, 4-in-3 are receivedwirelessly from a first client device 5-cl-1 respectively via a firstplurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, thereby, as a result ofsaid prevention, avoiding a presence of the first plurality of upstreamsignals 2-sig-1′, 2-sig-2′, 2-sig-3′ in the wire-based medium 2-WM,which would otherwise interfere with the second plurality of upstreamsignals 2-sig-1″, 2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ in the wire-based medium 2-WM, asboth pluralities of upstream signals share the plurality of differentfrequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, thereby, as a result of saidavoidance, allowing an access point 1-AP to successfully decode theplurality of receive streams 1-st-1′, 1-st-2′, 1-st-3′.

In one embodiment, the first client device 5-cl-1 and the second clientdevice 5-cl-2 are wifi client devices operating in conjunction with acarrier-sense-multiple-access (CSMA) mechanism; and the first clientdevice 5-cl-1 is located in a first location 4-loc-1 and the secondclient device 5-cl-2 is located in a second location 4-loc-2, such thatas a result of the different locations 4-loc-1, 4-loc-2, the secondplurality of upstream signals 2-sig-1″, 2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ are notreceived by the first client device 5-cl-1, thereby adversely affectingthe CSMA mechanism in the first client device 5-cl-1 and causing saidreception of the first plurality of input signals 4-in-1, 4-in-2, 4-in-3from the first client device.

In one embodiment, the CSMA mechanism is associated with a wirelesscommunication standard in unlicensed band, such as IEEE 802.11, in whichthe upstream signals 2-sig-1″, 2-sig-2″, 2-sig-3″ that are not receivedby the first client device 5-cl-1 are associated with the second clientdevice 5-cl-2 being a hidden station relative to the first clientdevice.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cabledeployed in-house; and the first location 4-loc-1 is a first roomin-house, and the second location 4-loc-2 is a second room in-house,thereby causing said second client device 5-cl-2 being a hidden stationrelative to the first client device 4-loc-2.

One embodiment is a system 1-AP, 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1′, 3-x-2′, 3-x-3′,3-x-4′, 3-x-5′, 3-x-n′, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5,3-ant-n, 3-C, 3-D, configured to prevent a first wireless transmissionfrom interfering with a second wireless transmission both transportedover a wire-based medium, for example as illustrated in FIG. 3B.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 4A, FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a method for covering wirelesslymultiple spatial locations via a wire-based medium using grouping ofstreams associated with spatial multiplexing. In step 1051, converting,by a base converter 1-BC, a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3,1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n respectively into a plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n occupying respectively aplurality of different frequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4,2-fr-5, 2-fr-n, in which the plurality of streams are associated withspatial multiplexing. In step 1052, transporting, by the base converter1-BC, a first sub-set 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (2-group-1) of theplurality of signals via a wire-based medium 2-WM respectively to afirst group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 (3-group-1), and a secondsub-set 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n (2-group-2) of the plurality ofsignals via the wire-based medium 2-WM respectively to a second group ofmixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n (3-group-2). In step 1053, shifting, by eachof the first group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 (3-group-1), therespective one of the signals from the respective frequency range to asingle wireless frequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-1 is shifting 2-sig-1from 2-fr-1 to 4-wfr, 3-x-2 is shifting 2-sig-2 from 2-fr-2 to 4-wfr,and 3-x-3 is shifting 2-sig-3 from 2-fr-3 to 4-wfr), thereby creating,respectively, a first group of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3(4-group-1) each occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr andcorresponding to the respective stream (i.e. 4-out-1 corresponding to1-st-1, 4-out-2 corresponding to 1-st-2, and 4-out-3 corresponding to1-st-3), and shifting, by each of the second group of mixers 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n (3-group-2), the respective one of the signals from therespective frequency range to the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr(i.e., 3-x-4 is shifting 2-sig-4 from 4-fr-1 to 4-wfr, 3-x-5 is shifting2-sig-5 from 2-fr-5 to 4-wfr, and 3-x-n is shifting 2-sig-n from 2-fr-nto 4-wfr), thereby creating, respectively, a second group of outputsignals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n (4-group-2) each occupying the singlewireless frequency range 4-wfr and corresponding to the respectivestream (i.e. 4-out-4 corresponding to 1-st-5, 4-out-5 corresponding to1-st-5, and 4-out-n corresponding to 1-st-n). In step 1054, transmittingwirelessly the first group of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3(4-group-1) via a first group of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3thereby achieving spatial multiplexing in conjunction with the firstgroup of output signals 4-group-1 all occupying the single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr, and transmitting wirelessly the second group ofoutput signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n (4-group-2) via a second groupof antennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n thereby achieving spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with the second group of output signals4-group-2 all occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr,wherein the first group of output signals 4-group-1 transmittedwirelessly are associated with a first spatial location 4-loc-1 and thesecond group of output signals 4-group-2 transmitted wirelessly areassociated with a second spatial location 4-loc-2.

In one embodiment, a first client device 5-cl-1 associated with thefirst spatial location 4-loc-1 decodes at least a first number of datastreams associated with the spatial multiplexing in conjunction with thefirst group of output signals 4-group-1; and a second client device5-cl-3 associated with both the first spatial location 4-loc-1 and thesecond spatial location 4-loc-2 decodes a second number of data streamsassociated with the spatial multiplexing in conjunction with the firstgroup of output signals 4-group-1 and the second group of output signals4-group-2, in which the second number is greater than the first number,thereby facilitating higher data rates for the second client device5-cl-3 as compared to the first client device 5-cl-1.

In one embodiment, a first client device 5-cl-1 associated with thefirst spatial location 4-loc-1 decodes data streams associated with thespatial multiplexing in conjunction with the first group of outputsignals 4-group-1; and a second client device 5-cl-2 associated with thesecond spatial location 4-loc-2 decodes data streams associated with thespatial multiplexing in conjunction with the second group of outputsignals 4-group-2, for example as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C,FIG. 4D.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM has a transfer function2-TF-1, 2-TF-2, in conjunction with the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n and the respective pluralityof different frequency ranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5,2-fr-n, that varies along different locations along the wire-basedmedium 2-WM, such that the wire-based medium has a first transferfunction 2-TF-1 in conjunction with a first location 2-loc-1 along thewire-based medium, and a second transfer function 2-TF-2 in conjunctionwith a second location 2-loc-2 along the wire-based medium; the firstlocation 2-loc-1 along the wire-based medium 2-WM is associated with thefirst group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 (3-group-1), and the secondlocation 2-loc-2 along the wire-based medium is associated with thesecond group of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n (3-group-2); and the firsttransfer function 2-TF-1 has a first fading 2-fd-1 located within thefrequency range 2-fr-3 associated with one of the signals 2-sig-3transported to the first group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3(3-group-1), such as to adversely affect the signal 2-sig-3 and therespective output signal 4-out-3, in which the method for coveringwirelessly multiple spatial locations via a wire-based medium usinggrouping of streams associated with spatial multiplexing furthercomprises:

detecting, by an access point 1-AP (not illustrated in FIG. 4A)generating said plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, 1-st-4,1-st-5, 1-st-n, a sub-optimal communication condition in conjunctionwith a first client device 5-cl-1 receiving the output signal 4-out-3affected by the first fading 2-fd-1; and

-   changing, by the access point 1-AP, in conjunction with the base    converter 1-BC and the appropriate mixer 3-x-3 in the first group of    mixers 3-group-1, the frequency range 2-fr-3 associated with the    signal 2-sig-3 adversely affected by the first fading 2-fd-1, to a    different frequency range 2-fr-5, such that the signal 2-sig-3    adversely affected by the first fading 2-fd-1 is now associated with    the different frequency range 2-fr-5 (this new association is    depicted in FIG. 4D), and is therefore no longer adversely affected    by the first fading 2-fd-1,-   thereby resolving the sub-optimal communication condition in    conjunction with a first client device 5-cl-1.

One embodiment further comprises: using the frequency range 2-fr-3previously associated with the signal 2-sig-3 that was adverselyaffected by the first fading 2-fd-1 for the transporting of one of thesignals 2-sig-5 to the second group of mixers 3-group-2, in which thefrequency range 2-fr-3 previously associated with the signal 2-sig-3that was adversely affected by the first fading 2-fd-1 is clear fromfading in conjunction with the second transfer function 2-TF-2associated with the second location 2-loc-2 along the wire-based mediumand associated with the second group of mixers 3-group-2.

One embodiment is a system 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n,configured to cover wirelessly multiple spatial locations via awire-based medium using grouping of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing, for example as illustrated in FIG. 4A.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 5, FIG. 11.

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of a method for achievingspatial-division-multiple-access via a wire-based medium by grouping ofstreams in conjunction with a plurality of spatial locations. In step1061, converting, by a base converter 1-BC, a plurality of streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n respectively into aplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n occupying respectively a plurality of different frequency ranges2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n, in which the pluralityof streams are associated with a multi-usermultiple-input-multiple-output transmission. In step 1062, transporting,by the base converter 1-BC, a first sub-set 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3(2-gourp-1) of the plurality of signals via a wire-based medium 2-WMrespectively to a first group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 (3-group-1),and a second sub-set 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n (2-group-2) of theplurality of signals via the wire-based medium 2-WM respectively to asecond group of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n (3-group-2). In step 1063,shifting, by each of the first group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3(3-group-1), the respective one of the signals from the respectivefrequency range to a single wireless frequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-1is shifting 2-sig-1 from 2-fr-1 to 4-wfr, 3-x-2 is shifting 2-sig-2 from2-fr-2 to 4-wfr, and 3-x-3 is shifting 2-sig-3 from 2-fr-3 to 4-wfr),thereby creating, respectively, a first group of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 (4-group-1) each occupying the single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr and corresponding to the respective stream (i.e.4-out-1 corresponding to 1-st-1, 4-out-2 corresponding to 1-st-2, and4-out-3 corresponding to 1-st-3), and shifting, by each of the secondgroup of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n (3-group-2), the respective one ofthe signals from the respective frequency range to the single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-4 is shifting 2-sig-4 from 2-fr-4 to4-wfr, 3-x-5 is shifting 2-sig-5 from 2-fr-5 to 4-wfr, and 3-x-n isshifting 2-sig-n from 2-fr-n to 4-wfr), thereby creating, respectively,a second group of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n (4-group-2)each occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr andcorresponding to the respective stream (i.e. 4-out-4 corresponding to1-st-5, 4-out-5 corresponding to 1-st-5, and 4-out-n corresponding to1-st-n). In step 1064, transmitting, as a first transmission, wirelesslythe first group of output signals 4-group-1 via a first group ofantennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 thereby achieving spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with the first group of output signals4-group-1 all occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr, andtransmitting, as a second transmission, wirelessly the second group ofoutput signals 4-group-2 via a second group of antennas 3-ant-4,3-ant-5, 3-ant-n thereby achieving spatial multiplexing in conjunctionwith the second group 4-group-2 of output signals all occupying thesingle wireless frequency range 4-wfr, and thereby facilitating amulti-user multiple-input-multiple-output transmission, in which the twotransmissions are done simultaneously or concurrently over the singlewireless frequency range 4-wfr, such that a first client device 5-cl-1receives the first transmission simultaneously or substantiallysimultaneously to a second client device 5-cl-2 receiving the secondtransmission.

In one embodiment, the first group of output signals 4-group-1transmitted wirelessly is associated with a first spatial location4-loc-1 also associated with the first client 5-cl-1, and the secondgroup of output signals 4-group-2 transmitted wirelessly is associatedwith a second spatial location 4-loc-2 also associated with the secondclient device 5-cl-2, such that the first group of output signals4-group-1 is received in the second spatial location 4-loc-2 by thesecond client device 5-cl-2 at a power level that is at least 10 (ten)decibel below a power level at which the second group of output signals4-group-2 is received in the second spatial location 4-loc-2 by thesecond client device 5-cl-2; and the second group of output signals4-grou-2 is received in the first spatial location 4-loc-1 by the firstclient device 5-cl-1 at a power level that is at least 10 (ten) decibelbelow a power level at which the first group of output signals 4-group-1is received in the first spatial location 4-loc-1 by the first clientdevice 5-cl-1, thereby further facilitating the multi-usermultiple-input-multiple-output transmission without a need to perform asounding procedure.

In one embodiment, the multi-user multiple-input-multiple-outputtransmission is achieved in conjunction with a sounding procedure donewith the first client device 5-cl-1 and the second client device 5-cl-2,such that the second transmission does not interfere with the firsttransmission and vice versa.

In one embodiment, the multi-user multiple-input-multiple-outputtransmission is associated with IEEE 802.11ac.

One embodiment is a system 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n,configured to achieve spatial-division-multiple-access via a wire-basedmedium by grouping of streams in conjunction with a plurality of spatiallocations, for example as illustrated in FIG. 5.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 12.

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a method for using wireless frameaggregation to mitigate wire-based interferences. In step 1071,converting, by a base converter 1-BC, at least one stream 1-st-nrespectively into at least one signal 2-sig-n occupying respectively atleast one frequency range 2-fr-n, in which the stream is conveying anaggregated data frame 2-frame comprising a plurality of sub-frames2-s-1, 2-s-2, 2-s-3, 2-s-k. In step 1072, transporting, by the baseconverter 1-BC, the signal 2-sig-n via a wire-based medium 2-WMrespectively to at least one mixer 3-x-n, in which a transientinterference 2-tn associated with the wire-based medium 2-WM affects atleast one sub-frame 2-s-3 in the aggregated data frame 2-frame conveyedby the signal 2-sig-n, but not all of the sub-frames in the aggregateddata frame. In step 1073, shifting, by the mixer 3-x-n, the signal2-sig-n from the respective frequency 2-fr-n range to a single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr, thereby creating, respectively, at least oneoutput signal 4-out-n occupying the single wireless frequency range4-wfr and corresponding to the respective stream 1-st-n, in which thesub-frame 2-s-3 affected by the transient interference 2-tn is presentin the output signal 4-out-n. In step 1074, transmitting wirelessly theoutput signal 4-out-n, respectively via at least one antenna 3-ant-n toa client device 5-cl-2. In step 1075, receiving 1-st-n″, 2-sig-n″, fromthe client device 5-cl-2, a block acknowledge message 4-in-n″ comprisingan indication of which of the sub-frames 2-s-3 were affected by thetransient interference 2-tn, thereby facilitating retransmission of theaffected sub-frames 2-s-3.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cabledeployed in-house.

In one embodiment, the frequency 2-fr-1 is located below 1.5 GHz, at afrequency zone that is, at least momentarily, not occupied by in-housecoaxial signals such as DOCSIS signals, MoCA signals, and cable TVsignals.

In one embodiment, the transient interference 2-tn is associated withingress noise occurring in conjunction with the coaxial cable deployedin-house.

In some embodiments, in-house can include a house, a building, or otherstructure that can include one or more rooms.

In one embodiment, the frame aggregation and block acknowledge areassociated with IEEE 802.11 n or IEEE 802.11ac.

One embodiment is a system 1-AP, 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-n, 3-x-n′, 3-ant-n,configured to use wireless frame aggregation to mitigate wire-basedinterferences.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, FIG. 1C,FIG. 13.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a method for transporting aplurality of streams associated with spatial multiplexing over awire-based medium together with corresponding mixer signals. In step1081, converting, by a base converter I-BC, a plurality of streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n respectively into aplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n occupying respectively a plurality of different frequency ranges2-fr-1, 2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n, in which the pluralityof streams are associated with spatial multiplexing. In step 1082,transporting, by the base converter 1-BC, the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n together with aplurality of mixer signals 2-clk-1, 2-clk-2, 2-clk-3, 2-clk-4, 2-clk-5,2-clk-n (see FIG. 1C), associated respectively with the plurality ofsignals, via a wire-based medium 2-WM respectively to a plurality ofmixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n. In step 1083, shifting,by each of the of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n, usingthe respective mixer signal 2-clk-1, 2-clk-2, 2-clk-3, 2-clk-4, 2-clk-5,2-clk-n, the respective one of the signals from the respective frequencyrange to a single wireless frequency range 4-wfr (i.e., 3-x-1 isshifting 2-sig-1 from 2-fr-1 to 4-wfr using 2-clk-1 as an input clock to3-x-1, 3-x-2 is shifting 2-sig-2 from 2-fr-2 to 4-wfr using 2-clk-2 asan input clock to 3-x-2, etc.), thereby creating, respectively, aplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out4, 4-out-5,4-out-n each occupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr andcorresponding to the respective stream. In step 1084, transmittingwirelessly the plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3,4-out4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n via a plurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n, thereby achieving spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with the plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n all occupying thesingle wireless frequency range 4-wfr.

In one embodiment, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3,2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n and the plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3, 4-out4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n are OFDM or OFDMA signalsassociated with a standard selected from a group consisting of (i) wifi,(ii) wimax, and (iii) LTE.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cabledeployed in-house. In some embodiments, in-house can include a house, abuilding, or other structure that can include one or more rooms.

In one embodiment, the plurality of different frequency ranges 2-fr-1,2-fr-2, 2-fr-3, 2-fr-4, 2-fr-5, 2-fr-n are located below 1.5 GHz, atfrequency zones that are, at least momentarily, not occupied by in-housecoaxial signals such as DOCSIS signals, MoCA signals, and cable TVsignals.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is selected from a groupconsisting of: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted-pair cable, (iii)category-5 cable, and (iv) any cable capable of facilitating propagationof electromagnetic signals.

One embodiment is a system 1-BC, 2-WM, 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n,configured to transport a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing over a wire-based medium together with corresponding mixersignals.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, andFIG. 14C.

FIG. 14A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to generatesimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsusing two separate wireless frequency ranges. The system includes anaccess point 1-AP comprising a single scheduling component 1-SC, inwhich the single scheduling component is configured to schedule at leasta first MIMO transmission and a second MIMO transmission to occursimultaneously over a predetermined time period, and in which the accesspoint is configured to generate, based on said schedule, during thepredetermined time period, a first set 1-group-1 of streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3 associated with the first MIMO transmission and a secondset 1-group-2 of streams 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n associated with thesecond MIMO transmission. The system further includes a first group3-group-1 of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 associated with a first group ofantennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 and a second group 3-group-2 ofmixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n associated with a second group of antennas3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n.

In one embodiment, the first group 3-group-1 of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2,3-x-3 is configured to transmit, via the first group of antennas ant-1,3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, at a first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 and duringthe predetermined time period, a first group 4-group-1 of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 associated respectively with the first set1-group-1 of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, thereby achieving the firstMIMO transmission in conjunction with the first wireless frequency range4-wfr-1, and the second group 3-group-2 of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n isconfigured to transmit, via the second group of antennas 3-ant-4,3-ant-5, 3-ant-n, at a second wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 andduring the same predetermined time period, a second group 4-group-2 ofoutput signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n associated respectively withthe second set 1-group-2 of streams 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n, therebyachieving the second MIMO transmission in conjunction with the secondwireless frequency range 4-wfr-2.

In one embodiment, the first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 and thesecond wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 are two separate wirelessfrequency ranges that prevent, at least partially, electromagneticinterferences between the first MIMO transmission and second MIMOtransmission all occurring simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the system further includes: a wire-based medium2-WM, and a base converter 1-BC. The base converter 1-BC is configuredto: convert the first set 1-group-1 of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3into a first plurality 2-group-1 of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3occupying respectively a first plurality of different frequency ranges,and convert the second set 1-group-2 of streams 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-ninto a second plurality 2-gourp-2 of signals 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-noccupying respectively a second plurality of different frequency rangesthat are different than the first plurality of different frequencyranges. The base converter 1-BC is further configured to: transport thefirst plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 via the wire-basedmedium 2-WM to the first group of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, andtransport the second plurality of signals 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n viathe wire-based medium 2-WM to the second group of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5,3-x-n. Each mixer 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 of the first group 3-group-1 ofmixers is configured to: shift one 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 of thefirst plurality 2-group-1 of signals from the respective frequency rangeto the first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1, thereby facilitating saidgeneration of the first group 4-group-1 of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 each occupying the first wireless frequency range4-wfr-1, and each mixer 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n of the second group3-group-2 of mixers is configured to: shift one 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n of the second plurality 2-group-2 of signals from the respectivefrequency range to the second wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2, therebyfacilitating said generation of the second group 4-group-2 of outputsignals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n each occupying the second wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr-2.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is selected from a groupconsisting of: (i) a coax cable, (ii) a twisted-pair cable, (iii)category-5 cable, and (iv) any cable capable of facilitating propagationof electromagnetic signals.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is placed in-house, thefirst group 3-group-1 of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 is placed in a firstroom 4-loc-1 in-house, such that the first MIMO transmission is situatedin the first room and directed to a first client device 5-cl-1 locatedin the first room, and the second group 3-group-2 of mixers 3-x-4,3-x-5, 3-x-n is placed in a second room 4-loc-2 in-house, such that thesecond MIMO transmission is situated in the second room and directed toa second client device 5-cl-2 located in the second room. In someembodiments, in-house can include a house, a building, or otherstructure that can include one or more rooms.

In one embodiment, the first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 and thesecond wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 are two separate wirelessfrequency ranges that prevent, at least partially, electromagneticinterferences between the first MIMO transmission and second MIMOtransmission all occurring simultaneously, in which said prevention isfurther facilitated by said location of the first client device 5-cl-1and the first group 3-group-1 of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 in the firstroom 4-loc-1, and said location of the second client device 5-cl-2 andthe second group 3-group-2 of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n in the secondroom 4-loc-2.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is a wifi access pointsupporting at least partly a standard associated with IEEE 802.11, suchas IEEE 802.11n or IEEE 802.11ac, in which said scheduling of the firstMIMO transmission and the second MIMO transmission is part of thestandard in conjunction with a single multi-usermultiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) transmission technique.

In one embodiment, said scheduling and generation of the first MIMOtransmission and the second MIMO transmission are accomplished in thewifi access point 1-AP in conjunction with the single MU-MIMOtransmission, in which the wifi access point is unaware of the first andsecond different frequency ranges 4-wfr-1, 4-wfr-2 which are not part ofsaid standard when appearing together in a single MU-MIMO transmission,and which are introduced independently by the base converter.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is an LTE access point or anLTE base-station supporting at least partly a standard associated withLTE, in which said scheduling of the first MIMO transmission and thesecond MIMO transmission is part of the standard.

FIG. 14B illustrates one embodiment of a method for generatingsimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsusing two separate wireless frequency ranges. In step 1091, converting,by a base converter 1-BC, a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3,1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n respectively into a plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5, 2-sig-n occupying respectively aplurality of different frequency ranges, in which the plurality ofstreams are associated with a single multi-usermultiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) transmission operative toconvey, simultaneously, at least two separate MIMO transmissionsrespectively to at least two separate client devices 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2. Instep 1092, transporting, by the base converter 1-BC, a first sub-set2-group-1 of the plurality of signals via a wire-based medium 2-WMrespectively to a first group 3-group-1 of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3,and a second sub-set 2-group-2 of the plurality of signals via thewire-based medium 2-WM respectively to a second group 3-group-2 ofmixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n. In step 1093, shifting, by each mixer 3-x-1,3-x-2, 3-x-3 of the first group of mixers 3-group-1, the respective oneof the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 from the respective frequencyrange to a first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1, thereby creating,respectively, a fist group 4-group-1 of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 each occupying the first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 andcorresponding to the respective stream 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, andshifting, by each mixer 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n of the second group ofmixers 3-group-2, the respective one of the signals 2-sig-4, 2-sig-5,2-sig-n from the respective frequency range to a second wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr-2, thereby creating, respectively, a second group4-group-2 of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n each occupying thesecond wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 and corresponding to therespective stream 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n. In step 1094, transmittingwirelessly, as a first MIMO transmission, the first group 4-group-1 ofoutput signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 via a first group of antennas3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 thereby achieving spatial multiplexing inconjunction with the first group 4-group-1 of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 all occupying the first wireless frequency range4-wfr-1, and transmitting wirelessly, as a second MIMO transmission, thesecond group 4-group-2 of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n via asecond group of antennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n thereby achievingspatial multiplexing in conjunction with the second group 4-group-2 ofoutput signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n all occupying the secondwireless frequency range 4-wfr-2, and thereby facilitating the singleMU-MIMO transmission, in which the two MIMO transmissions are donesimultaneously over, respectively, the first and second frequency ranges4-wfr-1, 4-wfr-2, such that a first client device 5-cl-1 receives thefirst MIMO transmission simultaneously with a second client device5-cl-2 receiving the second MIMO transmission.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3,1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n comprises: (i) a first sub-set 1-group-1 of theplurality of streams associated with the first subset 2-group-1 of theplurality of signals and the first MIMO transmission, and (ii) a secondsubset 1-group-2 of the plurality of streams associated with the secondsubset 2-group-2 of the plurality of signals and the second MIMOtransmission, and further comprising: scheduling, by a single schedulingcomponent 1-SC of an access point 1-AP, the first and second MIMOtransmissions to occur simultaneously during a certain transmissionperiod, and producing by the access point 1-AP, according to saidscheduling, the first MIMO transmission together with the second MIMOtransmission in conjunction with the certain transmission period, bygenerating, respectively, the first sub-set 1-group-1 and second sub-set1-group-2 of the plurality of streams in conjunction with the certaintransmission period.

In one embodiment, the first sub-set 1-group-1 of the plurality ofstreams is generated so as to achieve said spatial multiplexing inconjunction with the first client device 5-cl-1 using a MU-MIMOtechnique, and the second sub-set 1-group-2 of the plurality of streamsis generated so as to achieve said spatial multiplexing in conjunctionwith the second client device 5-cl-2 using the MU-MIMO technique.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP, the single MU-MIMOtransmission, and the scheduling component 1-SC, are all associated witha space-division multiple access (SDMA) transmission scheme, in whichthe first and second MIMO transmissions are indented, by the accesspoint, to happen via one single wireless frequency range, but in whichthe base converter 1-BC in conjunction with the first 3-group-1 andsecond 3-group-2 groups of mixers, together cause the first transmissionto happen in a different wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 than thewireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 of the second transmission, therebyenabling a better transmission performance in conjunction with thesingle MU-MINO transmission.

In one embodiment, as a result of said causing the first MIMOtransmission to happen in a different wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1than the wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 of the second MIMOtransmission, the SDMA transmission scheme is used without a soundingprocedure, and thereby further enabling a better transmissionperformance in conjunction with the MU-MIMO transmission.

FIG. 14C illustrates one embodiment of method for generatingsimultaneously two multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissionsassociated with a single service-set-identifier (SSID) but using twoseparate wireless frequency ranges. In step 1101, scheduling, by asingle scheduling component 1-SC (FIG. 14) belonging to an access point1-AP, at least a first MIMO transmission intended for a first clientdevice 5-cl-1 and a second MIMO transmission intended to a second clientdevice 5-cl-2, to occur simultaneously over a predetermined time periodand in conjunction with a single SSID. In step 1102, generating, by theaccess point 1-AP (FIG. 14), based on said schedule, during thepredetermined time period, a first set 1-group-1 of streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3 associated with the first MIMO transmission and a secondset 1-group-2 of streams 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n associated with thesecond MIMO transmission, in which all of said streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3, 1-st-4, 1-st-5, 1-st-n are associated with said single SSID. Instep 1103, transmitting, by a first group 3-group-1 (FIG. 14) of mixers3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, via a first group of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3, at a first wireless frequency range 4-wfr-1 and during thepredetermined time period, a first group 4-group-1 of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 associated respectively with the first set1-group-1 of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, thereby achieving the firstMIMO transmission in conjunction with the first wireless frequency range4-wfr-1 and said single SSID, and transmitting, by a second group3-group-2 (FIG. 14) of mixers 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n, via a second group ofantennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n, at a second wireless frequency range4-wfr-2 and during the predetermined time period, a second group4-group-2 of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n associatedrespectively with the second set 1-group-2 of streams 1-st-4, 1-st-5,1-st-n, thereby achieving the second MIMO transmission in conjunctionwith the second wireless frequency range 4-wfr-2 and said single SSID.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 15A and 15B.

FIG. 15A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to use spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a plurality of multi-conductor cables.The system includes: an access point 1-AP operative to generate aplurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 associated with spatialmultiplexing, a base converter 1-BC operative to convert the pluralityof streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 respectively into a plurality ofintermediate frequency (IF) signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, at leasttwo multi-conductor cables 2-multi-1, 2-multi-2, in which each of themulti-conductor cables comprises a plurality of conductors (e.g.,2-multi-1 comprises of 2-1-1, 2-1-2, 2-1-3, and 2-multi-2 comprises of2-2-1, 2-2-2, 2-2-3), and at least two pluralities of mixers (e.g., afirst plurality 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 and a second plurality 3-x-4, 3-x-5,3-x-n) associated respectively with the at least two multi-conductorcables 2-multi-1, 2-multi-2, in which each plurality of mixers isassociated respectively with a plurality of antennas and is located at aspecific location (e.g., 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3 associated respectivelywith 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 and located at 3-loc-1; and 3-x-4, 3-x-5,3-x-n associated respectively with 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, 3-ant-n and locatedat 3-loc-2).

In one embodiment, each of the multi-conductor cables is configured totransport the plurality of IF signals, via the respective plurality ofconductors, to the respective plurality of mixers (e.g., 2-multi-1transports 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively via 2-1-1, 2-1-2,2-1-3 respectively to 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3; and 2-multi-2 transports2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively via 2-2-1, 2-2-2, 2-2-3respectively to 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-n), and each of the plurality ofmixers is configure to shift the plurality of IF signals respectivelyinto a plurality of output signals, and transmit the plurality of outputsignals via the respective plurality of antennas to a respective clientdevice, in which the respective client device is operative to utilizesaid spatial multiplexing in conjunction with reception of therespective plurality of output signals (e.g., 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3respectively shift 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 into respectively 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 that are transmitted respectively via 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3 to be utilized by client device 5-cl-1; and 3-x-4, 3-x-5, 3-x-nrespectively shift 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 into respectively 4-out-4,4-out-5, 4-out-n that are transmitted respectively via 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5,3-ant-n to be utilized by client device 5-cl-2).

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a radio frequency form at frequencybands above 1.5 GHz, such as a 1.8 GHz band, a 1.9 GHz band, a 2.0 GHzband, a 2.3 GHz band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 2.5 GHz band, or a 5 GHz band,and said conversion of the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3respectively into the plurality of IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3is performed respectively by a plurality of mixers 1-xs in the baseconverter 1-BC operating as down-converters.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a digital form, and said conversionof the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 respectively into theplurality of IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 is a modulationprocess, such as OFDM modulation process.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areinput to the base converter 1-BC in a base-band form, and saidconversion of the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3respectively into the plurality of IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3is performed respectively by a plurality of mixers 1-xs in the baseconverter 1-BC operating as up-converters.

FIG. 15B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with a plurality of multi-conductor cables.In step 1111, converting a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3associated with spatial multiplexing into a plurality of intermediaryfrequency (IF) signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3. In step 1112,transmitting the plurality of IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 atleast twice: a first time 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively over aplurality of conductors 2-1-1, 2-1-2, 2-1-3 belonging to a firstmulti-conductor cable 2-multi-1 reaching a first location 3-loc-1, and asecond time 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively over a plurality ofconductors 2-2-1, 2-2-2, 2-2-3 belonging to a second multi-conductorcable 2-multi-2 reaching a second location 3-loc-2. In step 1113,shifting, at the first location 3-loc-1, the plurality of IF signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively into a first plurality of outputsignals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 each occupying a single wirelessfrequency range 4-wfr, and transmitting the first plurality of outputsignals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 respectively over a first plurality ofantennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, thereby allowing a first clientdevice 5-cl-1 associated with the first location to utilize said spatialmultiplexing in conjunction with the first plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, and shifting, at the second location 3-loc-2,the plurality of IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 respectively intoa second plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n eachoccupying the single wireless frequency range 4-wfr, and transmittingthe second plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-nrespectively over a second plurality of antennas 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5,3-ant-n, thereby allowing a second client device 5-cl-2 associated withthe second location to utilize said spatial multiplexing in conjunctionwith the second plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n.

In one embodiment, the first and second multi-conductor cables2-multi-1, 2-multi-2 are multi-paired cables.

In one embodiment, the multi-paired cables 2-multi-1, 2-multi-2 arecategory 5 cables (CAT5).

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 areformed together from a plurality of independent data streams 1-ds-1,1-ds-2 as part of a conversion process associated with the spatialmultiplexing, in which said utilization by the first client device5-cl-1 comprises the first client device decoding the plurality ofindependent data streams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2 from the first plurality ofoutput signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 associated with the pluralityof streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, said utilization by the second client device 5-cl-2comprises the second client device decoding the plurality of independentdata streams 1-ds-1, 1-ds-2 from the second plurality of output signals4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n associated with the plurality of streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, said formation of the plurality of streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3 comprises generating each of the streams from a linearcombination of at least two of the independent data streams 1-ds-1,1-ds-2, in accordance with said spatial multiplexing.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 aregenerated by an access point 1-AP.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is a wifi access pointsupporting at least partly a standard associated with IEEE 802.11, suchas IEEE 802.11 n or IEEE 802.11ac, in which the spatial multiplexing inconjunction with plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is part ofthe standard.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of IF signals has a bandwidththat is either 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz.

In one embodiment, each of the plurality of IF signals has a centerfrequency located below 1 GHz.

In one embodiment, the single wireless frequency range is located ineither a 2.4GHz band or a 5GHz band.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is a LTE access point or a LTEbase-station supporting at least partly a standard associated with LTE,in which the spatial multiplexing in conjunction with plurality ofstreams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 is part of the standard.

In one embodiment, the first location 3-loc-1 is associated with a firstroom.

In one embodiment, the second location 3-loc-2 is associated with asecond room.

In one embodiment, the first client device 5-cl-1 is located in thefirst room and the second client device 5-cl-2 is located in the secondroom, in which the first client device 5-cl-1 is unable to utilize thesecond plurality of output signals 4-out-4, 4-out-5, 4-out-n being tooweak to be decoded in the first room, and the second client 5-cl-2device is unable to utilize the first plurality of output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 being too weak to be decoded in the secondroom.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 16A and 16B.

FIG. 16A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to duplicatedindoor, several times, a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing, in which the plurality of streams are obtained outdoor.The system includes: at least N outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2,19-x-M (e.g., 3 converters are illustrated, in which N=2) associatedrespectively with at least N outdoor antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2, 9-ant-M,in which the outdoor converters and the associated outdoor antennas arelocated outside 1-outdoor a building 1-BLD. The system further includesseveral pluralities of at least N indoor converters in each plurality,in which each of the pluralities of indoor converters is located in adifferent room 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 inside the building 1-BLD and isassociated respectively with a plurality of indoor antennas (e.g.,plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M located in room 1-indoor-1 andassociated with plurality 30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-M respectively, andplurality 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M located in room 1-indoor-2 andassociated with plurality 31-ant-1, 31-ant-2, 31-ant-M respectively).The system further comprises a wire-based medium 2-WM extending fromoutside 1-outdoor the building 1-BLD and into each of the differentrooms indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 inside the building, in which the outdoorconverters and the several pluralities of indoor converters are allconnected electronically to the wire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the at least N outdoor antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2,9-ant-M are configured to receive respectively at least N input signals1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M induced by a transmission of a wireless frame, inwhich the wireless frame is a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)transmission 1-MIMO-T generated by an outdoor base-station 1-BS usingexactly N streams 1-st-1, 1-st-N (e.g., N=2) associated with spatialmultiplexing, and in which the MIMO transmission 1-MIMO-T, together withthe associated input signals received 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, all occupya single first wireless frequency range.

In one embodiment, the at least N outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2,19-x-M are configured to convert respectively the at least N inputsignals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M into a representation thereof 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-M that is communicable over the wire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the system is configured to communicate therepresentation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M of the input signals 1-in-1,1-in-2, 1-in-M over the wire-based medium 2-WM to each of thepluralities of indoor converters (e.g., to plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2,30-x-M, and to plurality 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M), and each of thepluralities of indoor converters is configured to receive via thewire-based medium said representation (e.g., 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-Mreceives 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively, and 31-x-1, 31-x-2,31-x-M receives 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively), and tore-generate, in the respective room 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2, from saidrepresentation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M, a copy of the at least N inputsignals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, thereby re-generating several copies ofthe at least N input signals in a form of several copies of at least Noutput signals respectively (e.g., a first copy in a form of outputsignals 40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M, and a second copy in a form ofoutput signals 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M), in which each copy of theat least N output signals is transmitted in the respective room1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 via the respective indoor antennas (e.g.,40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M via 30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-Mrespectively, and 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M via 31-ant-1, 31-ant-2,31-ant-M respectively) using a single second wireless frequency range,thereby enabling decoding of the wireless frame in conjunction with theexactly N streams 1-st-1, 1-st-N by a MIMO-enabled client device 5-cl-1,5-cl-2 located in any of the rooms 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 and havingwireless access to at least one of said copies of the output signals.

In one embodiment, all of the outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-Mare outdoor mixers, all of the indoor converters 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M,31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M are indoor mixers, and said conversion is afrequency down-conversion, in which the representation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-M are signals having a lower frequency than the single firstwireless frequency, and said re-generation is a frequency up-conversion.

In one embodiment, all of the outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-Mare analog-to-digital converters, all of the indoor converters 30-x-1,30-x-2, 30-x-M, 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M are digital-to-analog converters,and said conversion is a signal sampling, in which the representation2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M are digital samples, and said re-generation isa signal reconstruction.

FIG. 16B illustrates one embodiment of a method for propagatingmultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signals from an outdoorenvironment to an indoor environment. In step 1121, receiving, by aplurality of outdoor antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2, 9-ant-M located outdoor1-outdoor, respectively, a plurality of input signals 1-in-1, 1-in-2,1-in-M induced by a transmission of a wireless frame, in which thewireless frame is a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission1-MIMO-T generated by an outdoor base-station 1-BS using a plurality ofstreams 1-st-1, 1-st-N associated with spatial multiplexing, and inwhich the MIMO transmission 1-MIMO-T, together with the associatedplurality of input signals received 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, all occupy asingle first wireless frequency range. In step 1122, down-converting,using a plurality of outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-Massociated respectively with the plurality of outdoor antennas 9-ant-1,9-ant-2, 9-ant-M, the plurality of input signals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-Mrespectively into a plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-Moccupying a plurality of different frequency ranges, in which each ofthe different frequency ranges is lower in frequency than the singlewireless frequency range. In step 1123, injecting, by the plurality ofoutdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M, at an outdoor injection point1-inj , respectively, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-Minto a wire-based medium 2-WM extending from the outdoor injection point1-inj into several indoor locations 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2, therebyresulting in a propagation of the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-M from the outdoor injection point 1-inj into each of said severalindoor locations 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2. In step 1124, up-converting, ateach of the several indoor locations 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2, theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively into aplurality of output signals (e.g., respectively into 40-out-1, 40-out-2,40-out-M at indoor location 1-indoor-1, and respectively into 41-out-1,41-out-2, 41-out-M at indoor location 1-indoor-2), in which each of theup-conversions is done using a different plurality of indoor converterslocated at one of the several indoor locations and connectedelectronically to the wire-based medium (e.g., the up-conversion into40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M is done respectively by 30-x-1, 30-x-2,30-x-M, and the up-conversion into 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M is donerespectively by 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M), so as to wirelessly generate,respectively via several pluralities of indoor antennas (e.g., plurality30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-M, and plurality 31-ant-1, 31-ant-2,31-ant-M), several pluralities of the output signals (e.g., plurality40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M, and plurality 41-out-1, 41-out-2,41-out-M) respectively at the several indoor locations 1-indoor-1,1-indoor-2, in which the several pluralities of output signals alloccupy a single second wireless frequency range, thereby re-generatingthe MIMO transmission 1-MIMO-T several times at the several indoorlocations 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 respectively, and enabling decoding ofthe wireless frame by a MIMO-enabled client device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2 havingaccess to any one of the several pluralities of output signals.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-N includeexactly N streams (e.g., N=2 is illustrated as a non-limiting example)as set by the outdoor base station 1-BS, the plurality of outdoorconverters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M comprises at least N converters (e.g.,3 converters are illustrated as a non-limiting example, but since N=2 inthis example, there must me a minimum of two converters, but there couldalso be any number of converters above two), the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M comprises at least N signals (e.g., 3 signalsare illustrated as a non-limiting example, but since N=2 in thisexample, there must me a minimum of two signals, but there could also beany number of signals above two), each of the several pluralities ofindoor converters (e.g., plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M, and plurality31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M) comprises at least N converters, and each of theseveral pluralities of output signals (e.g., plurality 40-out-1,40-out-2, 40-out-M, and plurality 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M)comprises at least N output signals, thereby facilitating said decodingof the wireless frame that was constructed using the N streams 1-st-1,1-st-N.

In one embodiment, the plurality of outdoor antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2,9-ant-M and outdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M are located on aroof of a building 1-BLD, and each of the several pluralities of indoorconverters is located in a different room 1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2 in thebuilding (e.g., plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M located in room1-indoor-1, and plurality 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M located in room1-indoor-2), so as to enable decoding of the wireless frame by aMIMO-enabled client device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2 located in any of the rooms1-indoor-1, 1-indoor-2.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cable.

In one embodiment, the coaxial cable is a cable used to facilitatereception of direct-broadcast satellite television, and the plurality ofoutdoor converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M and outdoor antennas 9-ant-1,9-ant-2, 9-ant-M are co-located with a satellite dish on a roof.

In one embodiment, the wireless frame is associated with 4G(fourth-generation) long-term evolution (LTE) wireless standard.

In one embodiment, the wireless frame is associated with 5G(fifth-generation) wireless standard.

In one embodiment, the single first wireless frequency range is afrequency range located in a frequency band selected from a group ofbands consisting of: (i) 3.4-3.6 GHz, (ii) 4.5-6 GHz, (iii) 27.5-29.5GHz, and (iv) 60-70 GHz.

In one embodiment, the single second wireless frequency range is afrequency range located in a frequency band selected from a group ofbands consisting of: (i) 3.4-3.6 GHz, (ii) 4.5-6 GHz, (iii) 27.5 -29.5GHz, and (iv) 60-70 GHz.

In one embodiment, each of the different frequency ranges of the signalsare contained below 1.5 GHz, and therefore propagate successfully overthe wire-based medium.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 17A and 17B.

FIG. 17A illustrates one embodiment of a system operative to duplicatedindoor several times a plurality of streams associated with spatialmultiplexing and obtained in a specific room. The system includes atleast N receiving converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M (e.g., 3 convertersare illustrated, in which N=2) associated respectively with at least Nreceiving antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2, 9-ant-M, in which the receivingconverters and the associated receiving antennas are located in aspecific room 1-room-1. The system further includes several pluralitiesof at least N indoor converters in each plurality, in which each of thepluralities of indoor converters is located in a different room1-room-2, 1-room-3 and is associated respectively with a plurality ofindoor antennas (e.g., plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M located in room1-room-2 and associated with plurality 30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-Mrespectively, and plurality 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M located in room1-room-3 and associated with plurality 31-ant-1, 31-ant-2, 31-ant-Mrespectively). The system further includes a wire-based medium 2-WMextending from the first room 1-room-1 and into each of the differentrooms 1-room-2, 1-room-3, in which the receiving converters and theseveral pluralities of indoor converters are all connectedelectronically to the wire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the at least N receiving antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2,9-ant-M are configured to receive respectively at least N input signals1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M induced by a transmission of a wireless frame, inwhich the wireless frame is a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)transmission 1-MIMO-T generated by a base-station 1-BS using exactly Nstreams 1-st-1, 1-st-N (e.g., N=2) associated with spatial multiplexing,and in which the MIMO transmission 1-MIMO-T, together with theassociated input signals received 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, all occupy asingle first wireless frequency range. The at least N receivingconverters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M are configured to convert respectivelythe at least N input signals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M into arepresentation thereof 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M that is communicableover the wire-based medium 2-WM. The system is configured to communicatethe representation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M of the input signals1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M over the wire-based medium 2-WM to each of thepluralities of indoor converters (e.g., to plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2,30-x-M, and to plurality 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M). Each of thepluralities of indoor converters is configured to receive via thewire-based medium said representation (e.g., 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-Mreceives 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively, and 31-x-1, 31-x-2,31-x-M receives 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively), and tore-generate, in the respective room 1-room-2, 1-room-3, from saidrepresentation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M, a copy of the at least N inputsignals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, thereby re-generating several copies ofthe at least N input signals in a form of several copies of at least Noutput signals respectively (e.g., a first copy in a form of outputsignals 40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M, and a second copy in a form ofoutput signals 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M), in which each copy of theat least N output signals is transmitted in the respective room1-room-2, 1-room-3 via the respective indoor antennas (e.g., 40-out-1,40-out-2, 40-out-M via 30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-M respectively, and41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M via 31-ant-1, 31-ant-2, 31-ant-Mrespectively) using a single second wireless frequency range, therebyenabling decoding of the wireless frame in conjunction with the exactlyN streams 1-st-1, 1-st-N by a MIMO-enabled client device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2located in any of the rooms 1-room-2, 1-room-3 and having wirelessaccess to at least one of said copies of the output signals.

In one embodiment, all of the receiving converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2,19-x-M are receiving mixers, all of the indoor converters 30-x-1,30-x-2, 30-x-M, 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M are indoor mixers, saidconversion is a frequency down-conversion, in which the representation2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M are signals having a lower frequency than thesingle first wireless frequency, and said re-generation is a frequencyup-conversion.

In one embodiment, all of the receiving converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2,19-x-M are analog-to-digital converters, all of the indoor converters30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M, 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M are digital-to-analogconverters, said conversion is a signal sampling, in which therepresentation 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M are digital samples, and saidre-generation is a signal reconstruction.

In one embodiment, the base station 1-BS is located in the specific room1-room-1.

In one embodiment, the base station 1-BS is located outdoor.

FIG. 17B illustrates one embodiment of a method for propagatingmultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signals between rooms. In step1131, receiving, by a plurality of receiving antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2,9-ant-M located in a specific room 1-room-1, respectively, a pluralityof input signals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M induced by a transmission of awireless frame, in which the wireless frame is amultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmission 1-MIMO-T generated bya base-station 1-BS using a plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-Nassociated with spatial multiplexing, and in which the MIMO transmission1-MIMO-T, together with the associated plurality of input signalsreceived 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M, all occupy a single first wirelessfrequency range. In step 1132, down-converting, using a plurality ofreceiving converters 19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M associated respectively withthe plurality of receiving antennas 9-ant-1, 9-ant-2, 9-ant-M, theplurality of input signals 1-in-1, 1-in-2, 1-in-M respectively into aplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M occupying a plurality ofdifferent frequency ranges, in which each of the different frequencyranges is lower in frequency than the single wireless frequency range.In step 1133, injecting, by the plurality of receiving converters19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M, at an injection point 1-inj located in the firstroom 1-room-1, respectively, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-M into a wire-based medium 2-WM extending from the injection point1-inj into several different rooms 1-room-2, 1-room-3, thereby resultingin a propagation of the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-Mfrom the injection point 1-inj into each of said several different rooms1-room-2, 1-room-3. In step 1134, up-converting, in each of the severaldifferent rooms 1-room-2, 1-room-3, the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-M respectively into a plurality of output signals (e.g.,respectively into 40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M in room 1-room-2, andrespectively into 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M in room 1-room-3), inwhich each of the up-conversions is done using a different plurality ofindoor converters located in one of the several different rooms andconnected electronically to the wire-based medium (e.g., theup-conversion into 40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M is done respectively by30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M, and the up-conversion into 41-out-1, 41-out-2,41-out-M is done respectively by 31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M), so as towirelessly generate, respectively via several pluralities of indoorantennas (e.g., plurality 30-ant-1, 30-ant-2, 30-ant-M, and plurality31-ant-1, 31-ant-2, 31-ant-M), several pluralities of the output signals(e.g., plurality 40-out-1, 40-out-2, 40-out-M, and plurality 41-out-1,41-out-2, 41-out-M) respectively in the several different rooms1-room-2, 1-room-3, in which the several pluralities of output signalsall occupy a single second wireless frequency range, therebyre-generating the MIMO transmission 1-MIMO-T several times in theseveral different rooms 1-room-2, 1-room-3 respectively, and enablingdecoding of the wireless frame by a MIMO-enabled client device 5-cl-1,5-cl-2 having access to any one of the several pluralities of outputsignals.

In one embodiment, the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-N includeexactly N streams (e.g., N=2 is illustrated as a non-limiting example)as set by the base station 1-BS. The plurality of receiving converters19-x-1, 19-x-2, 19-x-M comprises at least N converters (e.g., 3converters are illustrated as a non-limiting example, but since N=2 inthis example, there must me a minimum of two converters, but there couldalso be any number of converters above two). The plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-M comprises at least N signals (e.g., 3 signalsare illustrated as a non-limiting example, but since N=2 in thisexample, there must me a minimum of two signals, but there could also beany number of signals above two). Each of the several pluralities ofindoor converters (e.g., plurality 30-x-1, 30-x-2, 30-x-M, and plurality31-x-1, 31-x-2, 31-x-M) comprises at least N converters, and each of theseveral pluralities of output signals (e.g., plurality 40-out-1,40-out-2, 40-out-M, and plurality 41-out-1, 41-out-2, 41-out-M)comprises at least N output signals, thereby facilitating said decodingof the wireless frame that was constructed using the N streams 1-st-1,1-st-N.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cable.

In one embodiment, the coaxial cable is a cable used to facilitatereception of direct-broadcast satellite television.

In one embodiment, the wireless frame is associated with 4G(fourth-generation) long-term evolution (LTE) wireless standard.

In one embodiment, the wireless frame is associated with 5G(fifth-generation) wireless standard.

In one embodiment, the single first wireless frequency range is afrequency range located in a frequency band selected from a group ofbands consisting of: (i) 3.4-3.6 GHz, (ii) 4.5-6 GHz, (iii) 27.5-29.5GHz, and (iv) 60-70 GHz.

In one embodiment, the single second wireless frequency range is afrequency range located in a frequency band selected from a group ofbands consisting of: (i) 3.4-3.6 GHz, (ii) 4.5-6 GHz, (iii) 27.5-29.5GHz, and (iv) 60-70 GHz.

In one embodiment, each of the different frequency ranges of the signalsare contained below 1.5 GHz, and therefore propagate successfully overthe wire-based medium.

In one embodiment, the base station 1-BS is located in the specific room1-room-1, and the base station is a pico base station operative toprovide wireless service indoor.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, andFIG. 18C.

FIG. 18C illustrates one embodiment of a method for replicating an exactfrequency match among a plurality of signals associated with spatialmultiplexing. The method includes: In step 1141, receiving, in aconverter 3-con-1 (FIG. 18A), a plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-3(FIG. 18A) occupying respectively a plurality of different frequencyranges 2-fr-1, 2-fr-3 (FIG. 18B), in which each of the signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-3 is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signalcomprising a plurality of sub-carriers (e.g., in FIG. 18B, signal2-sig-1 comprises sub-carriers 2-sub-1, and signal 2-sig-3 comprisessub-carriers 2-sub-3), and in which the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-3 are associated respectively with a plurality of streams 1-st-1,1-st-3 all occupying a single frequency range 4-wfr and generated inconjunction with spatial multiplexing. In step 1142, obtaining, in theconverter 3-con-1, a reference signal 1-ref associated with a pluralityof original conversion signals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3, in which the originalconversion signals were used originally outside the converter 3-con-1 toestablish respectively said plurality of different frequency ranges2-fr-1, 2-fr-3. In step 1143, utilizing the reference signal 1-ref, inthe converter 3-con-1, to reproduce 3-synt the original plurality ofconversion signals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3 in a form of a respective pluralityof replica conversion signals 3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3. In step 1144, using, inthe converter 3-cony-1, the plurality of replica conversion signals3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3 to respectively convert 3-x-1, 3-x-3 the plurality ofsignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-3 into a plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-3 all occupying the single frequency range 4-wfr, thereby causingthe plurality of sub-carriers of any of the output signals 4-out-1,4-out-3 to now exactly match 9-match in frequency the respectiveplurality of sub-carriers of any of the other output signals (e.g., thefrequency of sub-carrier 2-sub-1 of output signal 4-out-1 now exactlymatches the frequency of sub-carrier 2-sub-3 of output signal 4-out-3),thereby now enabling wireless transmission and successful decoding ofthe plurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-3, or a derivativehereof, in conjunction with the spatial multiplexing.

In one embodiment, said reception of the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-3 and the reference signal 1-ref is done via a wire-based medium2-WM interconnecting the converter 3-con-1 with an access point 1-AP, inwhich the access point is the source of the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-3 and the reference signal 1-ref.

In one embodiment, the method further includes: converting 1-synt, bythe access point 1-AP, the reference signal 1-ref into the plurality oforiginal conversion signals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3; using, by the access point1-AP, the plurality of original conversion signals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3 toconvert 1-x-1, 1-x-3 the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-3 into theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-3, thereby constituting saidestablishing of the plurality of different frequency ranges 2-fr-1,2-fr-3; and transmitting, by the access point 1-AP, the signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-3 and the reference signal 1-ref, via the wire-based medium 2-WM,to the converter 3-con-1.

In one embodiment, said conversion 1-synt, by the access point 1-AP, ofthe reference signal 1-ref into the plurality original conversionsignals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3, is done by a first frequency synthesizer1-synt using the reference signal 1-ref as an input to the firstfrequency synthesizer.

In one embodiment, said conversion 1-synt, by the access point 1-AP, ofthe plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-3 into the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-3, is done with a plurality mixers 1-x-1, 1-x-3respectively, using the plurality of original conversion signals1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3 as inputs to the plurality of mixers respectively.

In one embodiment: (i) said conversion 1-synt, by the access point 1-AP,of the reference signal 1-ref into the plurality of original conversionsignals 1-cnv-1, 1-cnv-3, and (ii) said reproduction 3-synt of theplurality of replica conversion signals 3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3 using thereference signal 1-ref in the converter 3-con-1, are essentially twoidentical processes utilizing the same reference signal 1-ref.

In one embodiment, said exact match 9-match is a match in which each ofthe sub-carriers (e.g., 2-sub-1) has the same frequency of thecorresponding sub-carrier (e.g., 2-sub-3) to within an accuracy ofbetter than 0.1 part-per-million (one tenth PPM), as a direct result ofusing said essentially two identical processes utilizing the samereference frequency 1-ref.

In one embodiment, said reproduction 3-synt of the plurality of replicaconversion signals 3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3, using the reference signal 1-ref inthe converter 3-con-1, is done by a second frequency synthesizer 3-syntin the converter 3-con-1 using the reference signal 1-ref as an input tothe second frequency synthesizer 3-synt.

In one embodiment, said conversion 3-x-1, 3-x-3, in the converter3-con-1, of the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-3 into the pluralityof output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-3 all occupying a single frequencyrange 4-wfr, is done respectively by a plurality of mixers 3-x-1, 3-x-3in the converter 3-con-1 and using the plurality of replica conversionsignals 3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3 as an input to the plurality of mixers 3-x-1,3-x-3 respectively.

In one embodiment, said exact match 9-match is a match in which each ofthe sub-carriers (e.g., 2-sub-1) has the same frequency of thecorresponding sub-carrier (e.g., 2-sub-3) to within an accuracy ofbetter than 1 part-per-million (one PPM).

In one embodiment, said exact match 9-match is a match in which each ofthe sub-carriers (e.g., 2-sub-1) has the same frequency of thecorresponding sub-carrier (e.g., 2-sub-3) to within an accuracy ofbetter than 0.1 part-per-million (one tenth PPM), as a direct result ofsaid utilization of the reference signal 1-ref, in the converter3-con-1, to reproduce 3-synt, 3-cnv-1, 3-cnv-3 the original plurality ofconversion signals 1 -cnv-1, 1 -cnv-3.

In one embodiment, the single frequency range 4-wfr is a wirelessfrequency range (e.g., 2.4 GHz, or 3.5 GHz, or 5 GHz), in which theplurality of output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-3 are wireless output signalsand are directly transmitted via a plurality of antennas 3-ant-1,3-ant-3 respectively.

In one embodiment, the single frequency range 4-wfr is a base-bandfrequency range, in which the plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-3 are base-band output signals that are converted into a wirelessfrequency range and are then transmitted via a plurality of antennasrespectively 3-ant-1, 3-ant-3.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 19A, FIG. 19B, andFIG. 19C.

FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B illustrate a system operative to directtransmissions over a wire-based medium. The system includes: at least afirst access point 1-AP operative to generate and receive transmissionsin conjunction with wireless client devices; a plurality of converters3-con-1, 3-con-2, 3-con 3 placed at a plurality of locations; and awired-based medium 2-WM configured to connect electrically the firstaccess point 1-AP with at least some or all of the plurality ofconverters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, 3-con 3.

In one embodiment, the system is configured to: group the plurality ofconverters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, 3-con 3 into at least two sub-groups3-group-1, 3-group-2 (FIG. 19A) of the converters, in which each of thesub-groups comprises at least one of the converters (e.g., sub-group3-group-1 contains the converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, and sub-group3-group-2 contains the converter 3-con-3); direct a first transmission,from the first access point 1-AP, via the wired-based medium 2-WM, in aform of at least a first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 (two signals are shown2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, which are derived respectively from streams 1-st-1,1-st-2 of the first transmission), so as to cause the first transmissionto reach each of the converters in a first one of the sub-groups (e.g.,2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 reach converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2 of sub-group3-group-1); receive the first transmission, by each of the converters3-con-1, 3-con-2 in said first sub-group 3-group-1, via the wired-basedmedium 2-WM, in the form of the at least first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2;and convert, by each of the converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2 in said firstsub-group 3-group-1, the at least first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, therebyproducing together a first wireless transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-4, 4-out-5 to be received wirelessly by at least one wirelessclient device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-3 (FIG. 19A). For example, signal 2-sig-1 isconverted by mixer 3-x-1 into output signal 4-out-1 and by mixer 3-x-4into output signal 4-out-4, and signal 2-sig-2 is converted by mixer3-x-2 into output signal 4-out-2 and by mixer 3-x-5 into output signal4-out-5.

In one embodiment, the system further includes: a second access point1-AP′ (FIG. 19A), in which the wired-based medium 2-WM is configured toconnect electrically the second access point 1-AP' with at least some orall of the plurality of converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, 3-con 3; whereinthe system is further configured to: direct a second transmission, fromthe second access point 1-AP', via the wired-based medium 2-WM, in aform of at least a second signal 2-sig-7, 2-sig-8 (two signals are shown2-sig-7, 2-sig-8, which are derived respectively from streams 1-st-7,1-st-8 of the second transmission), so as to cause the secondtransmission to reach each of the converters in a second one of thesub-groups (e.g., 2-sig-7, 2-sig-8 reach converter 3-con-3 of sub-group3-group-2); receive the second transmission, by each of the converters3-con-3 in said second sub-group 3-group-2, via the wired-based medium2-WM, in the form of the at least second signal 2-sig-7, 2-sig-8; andconvert, by each of the converters 3-con-3 in said second sub-group3-group-2, the at least second signal 2-sig-7, 2-sig-8, into a secondwireless transmission 4-out-7, 4-out-8 to be received wirelessly by atleast one other wireless client device 5-cl-2. For example, signal2-sig-7 is converted by mixer 3-x-7 into output signal 4-out-7, andsignal 2-sig-8 is converted by mixer 3-x-8 into output signal 4-out-8.

In one embodiment, the first transmission is transmitted simultaneouslywith the second transmission.

In one embodiment, the first wireless transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-4, 4-out-5 comprises a plurality of output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-4, 4-out-5 transmitted wirelessly via a plurality ofantennas respectively 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, in which theplurality of output signals all occupy a single wireless frequency range4-wfr (FIG. 19A).

In one embodiment, wherein the second wireless transmission 4-out-7,4-out-8 comprises a plurality of output signals 4-out-7, 4-out-8transmitted wirelessly via a plurality of antennas respectively 3-ant-7,3-ant-8, in which the plurality of output signals all occupy a singledifferent wireless frequency range 4-wfr' (FIG. 19A).

In one embodiment, the system further includes: an additional accesspoint 1-AP″ (FIG. 19B), in which the wired-based medium 2-WM isconfigured to connect electrically the additional access point 1-AP″with at least some or all of the plurality of converters 3-con-1,3-con-2, 3-con 3; in which the system is further configured to: detect acongestion condition associated with the first transmission; group theconverters 3-con-1, 3-con-2 in the first sub-group 3-group-1 (FIG. 19A)into at least two smaller groups 3-group-1 a, 3-group-1 b (FIG. 19B), inwhich each of the smaller groups comprises at least one of theconverters from the first sub-group 3-group-1. For example, smallergroup 3-group-1 a comprises the converter 3-con-1, and smaller group3-group-1 b comprises the converter 3-con-2; direct the firsttransmission, from the first access point 1-AP, via the wired-basedmedium 2-WM, in the form of the at least first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,so as to cause the first transmission to reach each of the converters3-con-1 in a first one of the smaller groups 3-group-1 a; receive thefirst transmission, by each of the converters 3-con-1 in said firstsmaller group 3-group-1 a, via the wired-based medium 2-WM, in the formof the at least first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2; convert, by each of theconverters 3-con-1 in said first smaller group 3-group-1 a, the at leastfirst signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, into a first wireless transmission4-out-1, 4-out-2 (FIG. 19B) to be received wirelessly by one of theclient devices 5-cl-1 (FIG. 19B); direct an additional transmission,from the additional access point 1-AP″, via the wired-based medium 2-WM,in a form of at least an additional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10 (twosignals are shown 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10, which are derived respectively fromstreams 1-st-9, 1-st-10 of the additional transmission), so as to causethe additional transmission to reach each of the converters 3-con-2 in asecond one of the smaller groups 3-group-1 b; receive the additionaltransmission, by each of the converters 3-con-2 in said second smallergroup 3-group1 b, via the wired-based medium 2-WM, in the form of the atleast additional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10; and convert, by each of theconverters 3-con-2 in said second smaller group 3-group-1 b, the atleast additional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10, into an additional wirelesstransmission 4-out-4′, 4-out-5′ (FIG. 19B) to be received wirelessly byanother of the client devices 5-cl-3, thereby increasing a rate at whichdata is received by the client devices 5-cl-1, 5-cl-3 (FIG. 19B) andconsequently resolving said congestion condition.

In one embodiment, the additional wireless transmission 4-out-4′,4-out-5′ (FIG. 19B) comprises a plurality of additional output signals4-out-4′, 4-out-5′ (FIG. 19B) transmitted wirelessly via a plurality ofantennas respectively 3-ant-4, 3-ant-5, in which the plurality ofadditional output signals all occupy a single wireless frequency range4-wfr″ (FIG. 19B).

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM is a coaxial cable; the atleast a first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 comprises two signals 2-sig-1 and2-sig-2; the two signals 2-sig-1 and 2-sig-2 occupy differentfrequencies while transported over the wire-based medium 2-WM; and saidconversion changes the two signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 respectively into afirst output signal and a second output signal 4-out-1, 4-out-2occupying a single wireless frequency range 4-wfr.

In one embodiment, the at least additional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10comprises two additional signals 2-sig-9 and 2-sig-10; the twoadditional signals 2-sig-9 and 2-sig-10 occupy different frequencies inrespect to each other and in respect to the two signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, while transported over the wire-based medium 2-WM; and saidconversion changes the two additional signals 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10respectively into a first additional output signal and a secondadditional output signal 4-out-4′, 4-out-5′ occupying a single differentwireless frequency range 4-wfr″.

In one embodiment, the wire-based medium 2-WM comprises a plurality ofmulti-conductor cables (e.g., 2-multi-1, FIG. 15A) comprising aplurality of conductors (e.g., 2-1-1, FIG. 15A); the at least a firstsignal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 comprises two signals 2-sig-1 and 2-sig-2; andthe two signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 occupy different conductors (e.g.,2-sig-1 occupies 2-1-1, and 2-sig-2 occupies 2-1-2, FIG. 15A) whentransported over the wire-based medium 2-WM, in accordance with someembodiments associated with FIG. 15A.

In one embodiment, the at least an additional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10comprises two additional signals 2-sig-9 and 2-sig-10; and the twoadditional signals 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10 occupy different conductors (e.g.,2-sig-9 occupies 2-2-1, and 2-sig-10 occupies 2-2-2, FIG. 15A) whentransported over the wire-based medium 2-WM.

In one embodiment, the multi-conductor cables are multi-paired cables,such as category 5 cables (CAT5).

In one embodiment, the first sub-group 3-group-1 comprises at least afirst converter and a second converter 3-con-1, 3-con-2 respectively;the at least first signal is at least two multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO) signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 derived respectively from at least twostreams 1-st-1, 1-st-2 associated with spatial multiplexing; each of thefirst and second converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2 receives the at least twomultiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2; and thefirst wireless transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-4, 4-out-5 is a MIMOtransmission comprising a first wireless transmission instance 4-out-1,4-out-2 converted by the first converter 3-con-1 from the two MIMOsignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 and transmitted via antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2in the first sub-group 3-group-1, and a second wireless transmissioninstance 4-out-4, 4-out-5 converted by the second converter 3-con-2 fromthe same two MIMO signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 and transmitted via antennas3-ant-4, 3-ant-5 in the first sub-group 3-group-1.

In one embodiment, the first access point 1-AP is a wifi access pointsupporting at least partly a standard associated with IEEE 802.11, suchas IEEE 802.11n or IEEE 802.11ac, in which said spatial multiplexing inconjunction with the two MIMO signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 is part of saidstandard.

FIG. 19C illustrates one embodiment of a method for adapting a wirelesscommunication system by reorganizing related transmissions over awire-based medium. The method includes: In step 1151, distributing (FIG.19A), to a plurality of converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, via a wire-basedmedium 2-WM, a first transmission in a form of a first signal 2-sig-1,2-sig-2. In step 1152, converting (FIG. 19A), by each of the pluralityof converters 3-con-1, 3-con-2, the first signal 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 intoan output signal (e.g., 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 is converted by 3-con-1 into4-out-1, 4-out-2, and the same 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 is converted by 3-con-2into 4-out-4, 4-out-5), thereby producing respectively a plurality ofoutput signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-4, 4-out-5 all occupying a singlewireless frequency range 4-wfr. In step 1153, detecting a congestioncondition associated with the first transmission. In step 1154,distributing (FIG. 19B), as a result of said detection, to at least oneof the converters in the plurality (e.g., to converter 3-con-2), via thewire-based medium 2-WM, an additional transmission in a form of anadditional signal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10. In step 1155, converting (FIG.19B), by said at least one of the converters 3-con-2, the additionalsignal 2-sig-9, 2-sig-10 into an additional output signal 4-out-4′,4-out-5′ occupying a single different wireless frequency range 4-wfr″,thereby allowing the additional transmission to coexist with the firsttransmission, and consequently resolving said congestion conditiondetected.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 20A, FIG. 20B, FIG.20C, and FIG. 20D.

FIG. 20A, FIG. 20B, and FIG. 20C illustrates one embodiment of a systemoperative to be easily fastened to a wall-mounted socket having an outerthread. The system includes: a coaxial plug 2-plug comprising: (i) arotating nut-like envelop 2-nut having an inner-thread 2-inner-thread,(ii) an outer contact 2-outer-contact, (iii) an inner contact2-inner-contact, and (iv) an extender 2-extender, in which the extender2-extender surrounds the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut and ismechanically fixed to the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut, and therotating nut-like envelop 2-nut is connected to the outer contact2-outer-contact in such a way that allows the rotating nut-like envelop2-nut to freely rotate about the outer contact 2-outer-contact; and abox 3-box operative to house electronic components, in which the outercontact 2-outer-contact is mechanically fixed to the box 3-box, eitherdirectly or indirectly.

In one embodiment, the box 3-box is operative to be placed in contactwith a wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket having an outer thread2-outer-tread, such that the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut engulfs thewall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket, and such that the rotatingnut-like envelop 2-nut is now sandwiched between the box 3-box and awall 1-wall on which the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket ismounted; and the extender 2-extender is operative to allows a user tomechanically access the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut, now sandwichedbetween the box 3-box and the wall 1-wall, thereby further allowing theuser to rotate the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut about thewall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket using the extender 2-extender, andthereby fastening, in a screw-like rotation movement involving the outerthread 2-outer-tread engaging the inner thread 2-inner-thread, therotating nut-like envelop 2-nut into the wall-mounted coaxial socket2-socket, in which said screw-like action mechanically fastens the box3-box to the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket and the wall 1-wall,and consequently facilitates a stable electrical contact between theouter contact 2-outer-contact and the wall-mounted coaxial socket2-socket, and between the inner contact 2-inner-contact and thewall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket.

In one embodiment, the coaxial plug 2-plug is a F-Type coaxial plug; and

the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket is a F-type coaxial socketacting as a mating bolt for said rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut.

In one embodiment, the coaxial plug 2-plug is the only contact of thesystem with the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket and the wall1-wall, hereby placing the entire weight of the system on said coaxialplug 2-plug.

In one embodiment, the entire weight of the system is more than 100 (onehundred) grams.

In one embodiment, the entire weight of the system is more than 500(five hundred) grams.

In one embodiment, said stable electrical contact allows for electricalsignals (e.g., 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, FIG. 1A) to propagate from acoaxial cable (e.g., 2-WM, FIG. 1A) embedded in the wall 1-wall to theelectronic components (e.g., 3-x-1, 3-x-2, 3-x-3, FIG. 1A) located inthe box 3-box and vice versa.

In one embodiment, said extender 2-extender is configured to act as awrench operative to grip and apply a twisting torque on the rotatingnut-like envelop 2-nut, thereby facilitating said screw-like rotationmovement.

In one embodiment, the rotating nut-like envelop 2-nut, when sandwichedbetween the box 3-box and the wall 1-wll, is hidden from the user, andthereby necessitating the use of the extender 2-extender to achieve saidscrew-like rotation movement.

In one embodiment, the extender 2-extender is elevated 2-elevation (FIG.20B) above the box 3-box, thereby allowing said gripping when therotating nut-like envelop 2-nut is sandwiched between the box 3-box andthe wall 1-wall.

FIG. 20D illustrates one embodiment of a method for easily fastening abox to a wall-mounted socket. The method includes: In step 1161, placing(FIG. 20B) a box 3-box, having a coaxial plug 2-plug, in contact with awall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket, so as to initially cause thecoaxial plug 2-plug to engulf the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket,thereby hiding said coaxial plug 2-plug between the box 3-box and a wall1-wall on which the wall-mounted coaxial socket 2-socket is mounted. Instep 1162, accessing the coaxial plug 2-plug, now hidden between the box3-box and the wall 1-wall, using a built-in extender 2-extender. In step1163, fastening (FIG. 20C) the coaxial plug 2-plug into the wall-mountedcoaxial socket 2-socket using the built-in extender 2-extender as awrench.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 21A and FIG. 21 B.

One embodiment is a system operative to maximize data transmission ratesin conjunction with a spatial-multiplexing transmission, comprising: anaccess point 1-AP (FIG. 21A) located in a first room 1-room-1 (FIG. 21A)and comprising a local plurality of antennas 3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′,3-ant-3′ (FIG. 21A) located together with the access point 1-AP in thefirst room 1-room-1; a plurality of power boosters 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2.3-RF-3 (FIG. 21A) located in a second room 1-room-2 (FIG. 21A) andassociated with a peripheral plurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3 (FIG. 21A) located together with the plurality of power boosters3-RF-1, 3-RF-2. 3-RF-3 in the second room 1-room-2; and a wire-basedmedium 2-WM (FIG. 21A) connecting the first room 1-room-1 and the secondroom 1-room-2.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is configured to use the localplurality of antennas 3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′, 3-ant-3′ to transmitwirelessly 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ (FIG. 21A), in the first room1-room-1, respectively, a plurality of spatially-multiplexed streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 (FIG. 21A), at a power level that is above acertain level per each of the streams, thereby allowing a receivingwireless device 5-c1-2 (FIG. 21A) located in the first room 1-room-1 todecode the plurality of spatially-multiplexed streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3; the access point 1-AP is further configured to inject into thewire-based medium 2-WM, in the first room 1-room-1, a plurality ofsignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (FIG. 21A) derived respectively fromthe plurality spatially-multiplexed streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 (FIG.21A); the wire-based medium 2-WM is configured to transport theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 to the second room1-room-2; each of the plurality of power boosters 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2. 3-RF-3is configured to power-boost, to a power level that is above the certainlevel, a respective one of the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3extracted from the wire-based medium 2-WM in the second room 1-room-2;and the plurality of peripheral antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 areconfigured to transmit wirelessly 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 (FIG. 21A),in the second room 1-room-2, respectively, the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, in which the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 are now power-boosted, thereby allowing anotherreceiving wireless device 5-cl-1 located in the second room 1-room-2 todecode the same plurality of spatially-multiplexed streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, the certain level is +10 (plus ten) dBm. In oneembodiment, the certain level is 0 (zero) dBm.

FIG. 21 B illustrates one embodiment of a method for maximizing datatransmission rates in conjunction with a spatial-multiplexingtransmission. The method includes: In step 1171, injecting, in a firstroom 1-room-1 (FIG. 21A), a plurality of 64-QAM or higher modulationsignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (FIG. 21A) associated with aspatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 (FIG. 21A) intoa wire-based medium 2-WM (FIG. 21A). In step 1172, transporting theplurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, via the wire-basedmedium 2-WM, to a second room 1-room-2 (FIG. 21A). In step 1173,power-boosting the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 in thesecond room 1-room-2 to a power level that is above a certain level pereach of the signals. In step 1174, transmitting wirelessly 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 (FIG. 21A) the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-3, which are now power-boosted, into the second room 1-room-2,thereby allowing a receiving wireless device 5-cl-1 located in thesecond room 1-room-2 to receive the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (via 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 respectively) at acombined power level that is above -50 (minus fifty) dBm, therebyallowing the receiving wireless device 5-cl-1 located in the second room1-room-2 to decode the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3 at 64-QAM or higher modulation, thereby facilitating physicaldata transmission and decoding rates of above 60 (sixty) Mbps(mega-bits-per-second) per each of the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3per a signal bandwidth of 20 (twenty) MHz (megahertz).

In one embodiment, the certain level is +10 (plus ten) dBm. In oneembodiment, wherein the certain level is 0 (zero) dBm.

One embodiment is a system operative to maximize data transmission ratesin conjunction with a spatial-multiplexing transmission, comprising: anaccess point 1-AP (FIG. 21A) located in a first room 1-room-1 (FIG.21A); a plurality of power boosters 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2. 3-RF-3 (FIG. 21A)located in a second room 1-room-2 (FIG. 21A); a plurality of antennas3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 (FIG. 21A) associated respectively with theplurality of power boosters 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2. 3-RF-3; and a wire-basedmedium 2-WM (FIG. 21A) connecting the first room 1-room-1 and the secondroom 1-room-2.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP is configured to inject, in thefirst room 1-room-1, a plurality of 64-QAM or higher modulation signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (FIG. 21A) associated with aspatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 (FIG. 21A) intothe wire-based medium 2-WM; the wire-based medium 2-WM is configured totransport the plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 to thesecond room 1-room-2; each of the plurality of power boosters 3-RF-1,3-RF-2. 3-RF-3 is configured to power-boost, to a power level that isabove a certain level, a respective one of the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-3 extracted from the wire-based medium 2-WM in the second room1-room-2; and the plurality of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3 areconfigured to transmit wirelessly 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 (FIG. 21A),in the second room 1-room-2, respectively, the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, in which the plurality of signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 are now power-boosted, thereby allowing a firstreceiving wireless device 5-cl-1 located in the second room 1-room-2 todecode the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 at64-QAM (e.g., 64-quadrature amplitude modulation) or higher modulation,thereby facilitating physical data transmission and decoding rates ofabove 60 (sixty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second) per each of the signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 per a signal bandwidth of 20 (twenty) MHz(megahertz).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2is a WiFi multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 2×2 (two by two)transmission, in which the plurality of signals includes two signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2; the bandwidth of each of the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2is 20 (twenty) MHz (megahertz); and therefore the physical datatransmission and decoding rates facilitated are above 120 (one hundredand twenty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3 is a WiFi multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 3×3 (three bythree) transmission, in which the plurality of signals includes threesignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3; the bandwidth of each of the signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 is 20 (twenty) MHz (megahertz); and thereforethe physical data transmission and decoding rates facilitated are above180 (one hundred and eighty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3 (+a fourth stream not shown) is a WiFi multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) 4×4 (four by four) transmission, in which theplurality of signals includes four signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (+afourth signal not shown); the bandwidth of each of the signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (+a fourth signal not shown) is 20 (twenty) MHz(megahertz); and therefore the physical data transmission and decodingrates facilitated are above 240 (two hundred and forty) Mbps(mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2is a WiFi multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 2×2 (two by two)transmission, in which the plurality of signals includes two signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2; the bandwidth of each of the signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2is 40 (forty) MHz (megahertz); and therefore the physical datatransmission and decoding rates facilitated are above 240 (two hundredand forty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3 is a WiFi multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 3×3 (three bythree) transmission, in which the plurality of signals includes threesignals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3; the bandwidth of each of the signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 is 40 (forty) MHz (megahertz); and thereforethe physical data transmission and decoding rates facilitated are above360 (three hundred and sixty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2,1-st-3 (+a fourth stream not shown) is a WiFi multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) 4×4 (four by four) transmission, in which theplurality of signals includes four signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (+afourth signal not shown); the bandwidth of each of the signals 2-sig-1,2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 (+a fourth signal not shown) is 40 (forty) MHz(megahertz); and therefore the physical data transmission and decodingrates facilitated are above 480 (four hundred and eighty) Mbps(mega-bits-per-second).

In one embodiment, the system further comprises: a second plurality ofantennas 3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′, 3-ant-3′ (FIG. 21A) located together withthe access point 1-AP in the first room 1-room-1; wherein: the accesspoint 1-AP is further configured to use the second plurality of antennas3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′, 3-ant-3′ to transmit wirelessly 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′,4-out-3′ (FIG. 21A), in the first room 1-room-1, respectively, theplurality of 64-QAM or higher modulation signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-3 before being injected into the wire-based medium 2-WM, at apower level that is above +10 (plus ten) dBm per each of the signals,thereby allowing a second receiving wireless device 5-cl-2 (FIG. 21A)located in the first room 1-room-1 to decode the spatial-multiplexingtransmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 at 64-QAM or higher modulation,thereby facilitating physical data transmission and decoding rates ofabove 60 (sixty) Mbps (mega-bits-per-second) per each of the signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 per a signal bandwidth of 20 (twenty) MHz(megahertz).

In one embodiment, the first receiving wireless device 5-cl-1 located inthe second room 1-room-2, and the second receiving wireless device5-cl-2 located in the first room 1-room-1, are both configured to decodethe spatial-multiplexing transmission 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 at 64-QAMor higher modulation, although being located in two different rooms. Inone embodiment, the plurality of 64-QAM or higher modulation signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3 transmitted wirelessly 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′,4-out-3′ in the first room 1-room-1 are attenuated more than 80 (eighty)dB before reaching the first receiving wireless device 5-cl-1 in thesecond room 1-room-2, and therefore cannot be decoded by the firstreceiving wireless device 5-cl-1.

In one embodiment, the certain level is +10 (plus ten) dBm. In oneembodiment, the certain level is 0 (zero) dBm.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 22A and FIG. 22B.

One embodiment is a system operative to utilize a dedicated frequencyrange in support of spatial multiplexing over a different frequencyrange, comprising: an access point 1-AP (FIG. 22A) operative to generatea first set of spatial streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, in which theaccess point 1-AP is further operative to: wirelessly transmit the firstset of spatial streams as a first spatial-multiplexing transmission4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ occupying a certain single frequency range4-wfr-1 (FIG. 22A), and wirelessly transmit, again and in parallel tosaid first spatial-multiplexing transmission, the first set of spatialstreams as a second spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b,4-out-c occupying a dedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2 (FIG. 22A) that isdifferent than said certain single frequency range 4-wfr-1; and aconverter 3-con-1 (FIG. 22A), located away from the access point 1-AP,in which the converter is operative to: (i) receive the secondspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c, (ii)convert the second spatial-multiplexing transmission from the dedicatedfrequency range 4-wfr-2 into the certain single frequency range 4-wfr-1,and (iii) re-transmit the second spatial-multiplexing transmission as athird spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 (FIG.22A) now occupying the single frequency range 4-wfr-1.

In one embodiment, both the first 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ and third4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 spatial-multiplexing transmissions occupy thesame certain single frequency range 4-wfr-1 and are transmitted inparallel, thereby allowing any wireless client device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2,5-cl-3 that receives: (i) the first spatial-multiplexing transmission4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′, (ii) the third spatial-multiplexingtransmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, (iii) or any combinationthereof, to successfully decode the first set of spatial streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP comprises: a first set ofantennas 3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′, 3-ant-3′, in which the first set ofantennas are operative to facilitate said first spatial-multiplexingtransmission 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′; and a second set of antennas3-ant-a′, 3-ant-b′, 3-ant-c′, in which the second set of antennas areoperative to facilitate said second spatial-multiplexing transmission4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c. In one embodiment, the converter 3-con-1comprises: a third set of antennas 3-ant-a, 3-ant-b, 3-ant-c, in whichthe third set of antennas are operative to facilitate said reception ofthe second spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c;and a fourth set of antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2, 3-ant-3, in which thefourth set of antennas are operative to facilitate said transmission ofthe third spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3.

In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP comprises: a first set ofantennas 3-ant-1′, 3-ant-2′, 3-ant-3′, in which the first set ofantennas are operative to facilitate both said firstspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ and saidsecond spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c. Inone embodiment, the converter 3-con-1 comprises: a third set of antennas3-ant-a, 3-ant-b, 3-ant-c, in which the third set of antennas areoperative to facilitate both said reception of the secondspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c and saidtransmission of the third spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3. In one embodiment, the access point 1-AP comprises abase converter 1-BC that includes a plurality of mixers 1-xs thatconverts the plurality of streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3 to the secondspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c that occupythe dedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2.

In one embodiment, said conversion of the second spatial-multiplexingtransmission from the dedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2 into the certainsingle frequency range 4-wfr-1 is performed by a set of radio frequency(RF) chains 3-RF-1, 3-RF-2, 3-RF-3 in the converter 3-con-1, therebyfacilitating said transmission in parallel of the first 4-out-1′,4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ and third 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3spatial-multiplexing transmissions. In one embodiment, said RF chains3-RF-1, 3-RF-2, 3-RF-3 comprise a set of mixers, in which using saiddedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2 for the second spatial-multiplexingtransmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c prevents the third 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 spatial-multiplexing transmission, which is generatedby the converter 3-con-1, from adversely affecting reception of thesecond spatial-multiplexing transmission in the same converter 3-con-1(e.g., preventing oscillation in the converter).

In one embodiment, said first, second, and third spatial-multiplexingtransmissions are associated with a transmission technique related toorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), such as IEEE802.11/WiFi, thereby allowing for symbol-level macro-diversity inconjunction with the first and third spatial-multiplexing transmissions,which share the same certain single frequency range 4-wfr-1. In oneembodiment, said conversion is a radio frequency (RF) conversion thatdoes not involve symbol decoding, thereby facilitating near zerolatency, and therefore further enabling said symbol-levelmacro-diversity.

In one embodiment, said converter 3-con-1 is physically located betweenthe access point 1-AP and at least one of the wireless clients 5-cl-1,thereby functioning as a relay or a range extender.

FIG. 22B illustrates one embodiment of a method for using a firsttransmission to facilitate generation of an auxiliary spatialmultiplexing transmission. The method includes: in step 1181,generating, in an access point 1-AP (FIG. 22A), from a plurality of Nspatial streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3, a first plurality of N outputsignals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c respectively (N=3 in this example). Instep 1182, transmitting wirelessly, by the access point 1-AP, the firstplurality of N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c using adedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2 (FIG. 22A). In step 1183, receiving,in a converter 3-con-1 (FIG. 22A) located away from the access point1-AP, the first plurality of N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c.In step 1184, converting, in the converter 3-con-1, the first pluralityof N output signals received 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c into a secondplurality of M output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 (FIG. 22A) alloccupying a certain single frequency range 4-wfr-1 (FIG. 22A) that isdifferent than said dedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2, in which M isequal or greater than N (M=3 in this example). In step 1185,transmitting, by the converter 3-con-1, the second plurality of M outputsignals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 all occupying the certain singlefrequency range 4-wfr-1, thereby generating an auxiliaryspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 conveyingthe plurality of N spatial streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises: further generating, inthe access point 1-AP, from the plurality of N spatial streams 1-st-1,1-st-2, 1-st-3, a third plurality of N output signals 4-out-1′,4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ respectively (N=3 in this example); and furthertransmitting wirelessly, by the access point 1-AP, the third pluralityof N output signals 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ using the dedicatedfrequency range 4-wfr-2, thereby generating a primaryspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ furtherconveying the plurality of N spatial streams 1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3. Inone embodiment, the transmissions of both said primaryspatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′ and theauxiliary spatial-multiplexing transmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3are done simultaneously and using the same certain single frequencyrange 4-wfr-1, so as to allow any wireless client device 5-cl-1, 5-cl-2,5-cl-3 that receives: (i) the primary spatial-multiplexing transmission4-out-1′, 4-out-2′, 4-out-3′, (ii) the auxiliary spatial-multiplexingtransmission 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3, (iii) or any combinationthereof, to successfully decode the plurality of N spatial streams1-st-1, 1-st-2, 1-st-3.

In one embodiment, said transmission wirelessly, of the first pluralityof N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c using the dedicatedfrequency range 4-wfr-2, is a dedicated spatial-multiplexingtransmission 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c, in which each of the N outputsignals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c in the first plurality occupies thesame dedicated frequency range 4-wfr-2. In one embodiment, saidconversion of the first plurality of N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b,4-out-c received into the second plurality of M output signals 4-out-1,4-out-2, 4-out-3 comprises: generating each one of the M output signals4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 from one of the N output signals 4-out-a,4-out-b, 4-out-c or form a linear combination of at least two of the Noutput signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c.

In one embodiment, said transmission wirelessly, of the first pluralityof N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c using the dedicatedfrequency range 4-wfr-2, is not a spatial-multiplexing transmission, inwhich each of the N output signals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c in thefirst plurality occupies a different frequency sub-range in thededicated frequency range 4-wfr-2. In one embodiment, said conversion ofthe first plurality of N output signals received 4-out-a, 4-out-b,4-out-c into the second plurality of M output signals 4-out-1, 4-out-2,4-out-3 comprises: converting each of the first plurality of N outputsignals 4-out-a, 4-out-b, 4-out-c from the respective one of thedifferent frequency sub-ranges into the respective one of the M outputsignals 4-out-1, 4-out-2, 4-out-3 occupying the certain single frequencyrange 4-wfr-1, in which M=N.

The following paragraphs are associated with FIG. 23A, FIG. 23B, andFIG. 23C.

In one embodiment, a shared wired-based medium 2-WM (FIG. 23A) isdeployed inside a vehicle 1-vehicle, so as to interconnect variousin-vehicle communication components such as radio transceivers,antennas, and processors 1-source-1, 1-source-2, 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,3-ant-3, 3-ant-4. The shared wired-based medium 2-WM may be used by eachof the communication components to send and receiveintermediate-frequency (IF) signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2, 2-sig-3, 2-sig-4(FIG. 23B) to and from at least one of the other communicationcomponents, thereby implementing an efficient in-vehicle IFcommunication bus, in which each of the IF signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2,2-sig-3, 2-sig-4 may be a frequency-shifted version of an originalsignal produced by one of the communication components (e.g., producedby transceiver 1-source-2), and in which such IF signal, after beingtransported by the shared wired-based medium 2-WM, is extracted from theshared wired-based medium by at least one of the other communicationcomponents (e.g., by an antenna related component 3-ant-1), which inturn frequency-shifts the extracted IF signal into a respectiveradio-frequency (RF) signal (e.g., one of the RF signals 2-sig-r-1,2-sig-r-2, 2-sig-r-3, 2-sig-r-4 in FIG. 23B) that could be thenwirelessly transmitted outside of the vehicle 1-vehicle. A singlecommunication component (e.g., transceiver 1-source-2) can use the IFbus 2-WM to send signals to several ones of the other components at thesame time (e.g., send a signal to both a first front-facing antenna3-ant-2 and a second rear-facing antenna 3-ant-3), or to switch(de-multiplex) the signal so as to select one of the other communicationcomponent (e.g., a third antenna 3-ant-4) as a single destination forthe signal.

One embodiment is a system operative to transport multi-standard signalsbetween different elements in a vehicle using a shared wire-basedmedium, comprising: at least a first transmission source 1-source-1 anda second transmission source 1-source-2, all embedded in a vehicle1-vehicle (FIG. 23A), in which the first transmission source isconfigured to generate a first intermediate frequency (IF) signal2-sig-1 (FIG. 23B) associated with a first wireless transmissionstandard and having a first frequency span 2-IF-1 (FIG. 23B), and thesecond transmission source is configured to generate a second IF signal2-sig-2 associated with a second wireless transmission standard andhaving a second different frequency span 2-IF-2; at least a firstantenna 3-ant-1 co-located with a first converter 3-x-a (FIG. 23A) and asecond antenna 3-ant-2 co-located with a second converter 3-x-b, allembedded in the vehicle 1-vehicle; and a shared wired-based medium 2-WM(FIG. 23A) interconnecting the transmission sources 1-source-1,1-source-2 and converters 3-x-a, 3-x-b.

In one embodiment, the system is configured to: transport, via theshared wired-based medium 2-WM, the first IF signal 2-sig-1 from thefirst transmission source 1-source-1 to the first converter 3-x-a, andthe second IF signal 2-sig-2 from the second transmission source1-source-2 to the second converter 2-x-b; up-convert the first IF signal2-sig-1 transported and the second IF signal 2-sig-2 transported,respectively by the first converter 3-x-a and the second converter3-x-b, into a first radio frequency (RF) signal 2-sig-r-1 (FIG. 23B)having a frequency span 2-RF-1 associated with the first standard and asecond RF signal 2-sig-r-2 having a frequency span 2-RF-2 associatedwith the second standard; and transmit wirelessly the first RF signal2-sig-r-1 and the second RF signal 2-sig-r-2 respectively via the firstantenna 3-ant-1 and the second antenna 3-ant-2.

In one embodiment, the system is further configured to: receive a firstinbound RF signal 2-sig-r-3 (FIG. 23B) having a frequency span 2-RF-3associated with the first standard and a second inbound RF signal2-sig-r-4 having a frequency span 2-RF-4 associated with the secondstandard via the first antenna 3-ant-1 and the second antenna 3-ant-2respectively; down-convert the first inbound RF signal 2-sig-r-3 and thesecond inbound RF signal 2-sig-r-4, by the first converter 3-x-a and thesecond converted 3-x-b respectively, into a first inbound IF signal2-sig-3 (FIG. 23B) having a third frequency span 2-IF-3 and a secondinbound IF signal 2-sig-4 having a fourth different frequency span2-IF-4 respectively; and transport, via the shared wired-based medium2-WM, the first inbound IF signal 2-sig-3 from the first converter 3-x-ato a first receiver 1-source-1 operative to decode the first inbound IFsignal in conjunction with the first standard, and the second inbound IFsignal 2-sig-4 from the second converter 3-x-b to a second receiver1-source-2 operative to decode the second inbound IF signal inconjunction with the second standard.

In one embodiment, the first standard is a cellular communicationstandard associated with one of: (i) long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology (2G), (iii)third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourth generationcellular technology (4G), and (v) fifth generation cellular technology(5G); and the second standard is a cellular communication standardassociated with a different one of: (i) long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology (2G), (iii)third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourth generationcellular technology (4G), and (v) fifth generation cellular technology(5G).

In one embodiment, the frequency span associated with the first standardis associated with one of: (i) a 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) band(i.e., frequencies between 500 MHz and 600 MHz), (ii) a 600 MHz (sixhundred megahertz) band, (iii) a 700 MHz (seven hundred megahertz) band,(iv) a 800 MHz (eight hundred megahertz) band, and (v) a 900 MHz (ninehundred megahertz) band, (vi) a 1.7 GHz (one point seven gigahertz) band(i.e., frequencies between 1.7 GHz and 1.8 GHz), (vii) a 1.8 GHz (onepoint eight gigahertz) band, (viii) a 1.9 GHz (one point nine gigahertz)band, (ix) a 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x) a 2.3 GHz (twopoint three gigahertz) band, (xi) a 2.4 GHz (two point four gigahertz)band, (xii) a 2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz) band, (xiii) a 3.6 GHz(three point six gigahertz) band, (xiv) a 26 GHz (twenty six gigahertz)band, and (xv) a millimeter-wave band; and the frequency span associatedwith the second standard is associated with a different one of: (i) a500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) band, (ii) a 600 MHz (six hundredmegahertz) band, (iii) a 700 MHz (seven hundred megahertz) band, (iv) a800 MHz (eight hundred megahertz) band, and (v) a 900 MHz (nine hundredmegahertz) band, (vi) a 1.7 GHz (one point seven gigahertz) band, (vii)a 1.8 GHz (one point eight gigahertz) band, (viii) a 1.9 GHz (one pointnine gigahertz) band, (ix) a 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x)a 2.3 GHz (two point three gigahertz) band, (xi) a 2.4 GHz (two pointfour gigahertz) band, (xii) a 2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz) band,(xiii) a 3.6 GHz (three point six gigahertz) band, (xiv) a 26 GHz(twenty six gigahertz) band (i.e., frequencies between 26 GHz and 27GHz), and (xv) a millimeter-wave band.

In one embodiment, the first standard is a cellular communicationstandard associated with at least one of: (i) long term evolutioncellular technology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology(2G), (iii) third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourthgeneration cellular technology (4G), and (v) fifth generation cellulartechnology (5G); and the second standard is a radar standard associatedwith at least one of: (i) millimeter-wave radar technology, (ii)microwave radar technology, (iii) phased-array radar technology, and(iv) MIMO radar technology.

In one embodiment, the first standard is a general purpose cellularcommunication standard; and the second standard is avehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standard. In one embodiment,the V2X communication standard is associated with at least one of: (i)IEEE 801.11p dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), and (ii) 3GPPcellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication.

In one embodiment, the first converter 3-x-a is a first RF mixeroperative to shift the first IF signal 2-sig-1 into a higher frequencyassociated with the frequency span 2-RF-1 of the first standard; and thesecond converter 3-x-b is a second RF mixer operative to shift thesecond IF signal 2-sig-2 into a higher frequency associated with thefrequency span 2-RF-2 of the second standard.

In one embodiment, the first transmission source 1-source-1 comprises:(i) a first transmitter 1-source-1 configured to generate an originalversion of the first RF signal 2-sig-r-1 having the frequency span2-RF-1 associated with the first standard, and (ii) a firstdown-converter 3-x-c configured to shift the original version of thefirst RF signal into a lower frequency associated with the frequencyspan 2-IF-1 of the first IF signal 2-sig-1; and the second transmissionsource 1-source-2 comprises: (i) a second transmitter 1-source-2configured to generate an original version of the second RF signal2-sig-r-2 having the frequency span 2-RF-2 associated with the secondstandard, and (ii) a second down-converter 3-x-d configured to shift theoriginal version of the second RF signal into a lower frequencyassociated with the frequency span 2-IF-2 of the second IF signal2-sig-2, in which the first RF signal 2-sig-r-1 is an exact replica ofthe original version of the first RF signal 2-sig-r-1 and having theexact same frequency span 2-RF-1, and the second RF signal 2-sig-r-2 isan exact replica of the original version of the first RF signal2-sig-r-2 and having the exact same frequency span 2-RF-2.

In one embodiment, the shared wired-based medium 2-WM is associated withat least one of: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted pair wire, (iii) acat5/cat6/cat7 cable, and (iv) any cable capable of facilitatingpropagation of electromagnetic signals.

In one embodiment, the transmission sources 1-source-1, 1-source-2 andthe converters 3-x-a, 3-x-b are connected to the shared wired-basedmedium 2-WM at different points using tri-port RF elements 3-dip (FIG.23A). In one embodiment, the tri-port RF elements 3-dip are diplexers.

FIG. 23C illustrates one embodiment of a method for transportingmulti-standard signals between different elements in a vehicle using ashared wire-based medium. The method includes: In step 1191,associating, in a vehicle 1-vehicle (FIG. 23A), a plurality ofintermediate frequency (IF) slots 2-IF-1, 2-IF-2 (FIG. 23B) respectivelywith a plurality of signal producers 1-source-1, 1-source-2 (FIG. 23A)that are associated respectively with a plurality of wirelesstransmission standards. In step 1192, transporting, via a sharedwire-based medium 2-WM (FIG. 23A), using the plurality of IF slots IF-1,2-IF-2, respectively a plurality of signals 2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 (FIG. 23B)from the plurality of signal producers 1-source-1, 1-source-2 to aplurality of signal consumers 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2 (FIG. 23A). In step 1193,up-converting, by the plurality of signal consumers 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2,from the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, the plurality of signals2-sig-1, 2-sig-2 into a respective plurality of radio-frequency (RF)signals 2-sig-r-1, 2-sig-r-2 (FIG. 23B) having respectively a pluralityof RF frequency spans 2-RF-1, 2-RF-2 (FIG. 23B) associated respectivelywith the plurality of wireless transmission standards.

In one embodiment, at least one of the signal producers 1-source-1 is abaseband transmitter/processor operative to convert data symbols into atleast one of the signals 1-sig-1 that therefore constitutes a modulatedsignal for transmission; at least one of the respective signal consumers3-ant-1comprises a mixer 3-x-a and an antenna 3-ant-1; saidup-converting of the respective signal 1-sig-1 into the respective RFsignal 1-sig-r-1 is done by said mixer 3-x-a; and the method furthercomprises: transmitting wirelessly the respective RF signal 1-sig-r-1via said antenna 3-ant-1. In one embodiment, the baseband transmitter1-source-1 is associated with one of: (i) a long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE) transmitter, (ii) a second generation cellulartechnology (2G) transmitter, (iii) a third generation cellulartechnology (3G) transmitter, (iv) a fourth generation cellulartechnology (4G) transmitter, and (v) a fifth generation cellulartechnology (5G) transmitter. In one embodiment, the baseband transmitter1-source-1 is associated with a vehicle-to-everything (V2X)communication standard transmitter.

In one embodiment, at least one of the signal producers comprises anantenna 3-ant-1 with a mixer 3-x-a together operative to receive awireless input signal 2-sig-r-3 conveying data symbols and down-convertthe wireless input signal into at least one of the respective signals2-sig-3 associated with one of the IF slots 2-IF-3; at least one of therespective signal consumers comprises a receiver 1-source-1 and a secondmixer 3-x-c; said up-converting of the respective signal 2-sig-3 intothe respective RF signal 2-sig-r-3 is done by said second mixer 3-x-c;and the method further comprises: decoding, by the receiver 1-source-1,the data symbols present in the respective RF signal 2-sig-r-3. In oneembodiment, the receiver 1-source-1 is associated with at least one of:(i) a FM radio receiver, in which the respective wireless transmissionstandard is a FM radio transmission standard, (ii) a digital videobroadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is DVB-T, (iii) an advanced televisionsystems committee (ATSC) receiver, in which the respective wirelesstransmission standard is ATSC, (iv) a satellite radio receiver, (v) adigital audio broadcasting (DAB) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is DAB, and (vi) an in-band on-channel(IBOC) digital radio receiver, in which the respective wirelesstransmission standard is IBOC. In one embodiment, the receiver1-source-1 is associated with one of: (i) a long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE) receiver, (ii) a second generation cellular technology(2G) receiver, (iii) a third generation cellular technology (3G)receiver, (iv) a fourth generation cellular technology (4G) receiver,and (v) a fifth generation cellular technology (5G) receiver. In oneembodiment, the receiver 1-source-1 is associated with avehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standard receiver.

One embodiment is a system operative to transport signals betweendifferent elements in a vehicle using a shared wire-based medium,comprising: a first transmission source 1-source-1 (FIG. 23A) embeddedat a first location in a vehicle 1-vehicle and configured to generate afirst transmission signal 2-sig-r-1 (FIG. 23B); a first converter 3-x-cco-located with the first transmission source 1-source-1; a firstantenna 3-ant-1 embedded at a second location in the vehicle 1-vehicle;a second converter 3-x-a co-located with the first antenna 3-ant-1; anda shared wire-based medium 2-WM interconnecting the first converted3-x-c and the second converter 3-x-a.

In one embodiment, the system is configured to: use the first converter3-x-c to shift in frequency the first transmission signal 2-sig-r-1,thereby producing an intermediate-frequency (IF) version 2-sig-1 of thefirst transmission signal 2-sig-r-1; transport the IF version 2-sig-1 ofthe first signal 2-sig-r-1, via the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, fromthe first converter 3-x-c into the second converter 3-x-a; use thesecond converter 3-x-a to extract the IF version 2-sig-1 of the firstsignal from the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, and shift in frequencythe IF version 2-sig-1 of the first signal, thereby producing aradio-frequency (RF) version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal; andwirelessly transmit the RF version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal via thefirst antenna 3-ant-1.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises: a second transmissionsource 1-source-2 embedded at a third location in the vehicle 1-vehicleand configured to generate a second transmission signal 2-sig-r-2; athird converter 3-x-d co-located with the second transmission source1-source-2; a second antenna 3-ant-2 embedded at a fourth location inthe vehicle 1-vehicle; and a fourth converter 3-x-b co-located with thesecond antenna 3-ant-2; wherein the system is further configured to: usethe third converter 3-x-d to shift in frequency the second transmissionsignal 2-sig-r-2, thereby producing an IF version 2-sig-2 of the secondsignal 2-sig-r-2, in which the IF version of the second signal has adifferent frequency span 2-IF-2 than the IF version 2-sig-1 of the firstsignal, which has the frequency span 2-IF-1; transport the IF version2-sig-2 of the second signal, via the shared wire-based medium 2-WM,from the third converter 3-x-d into the fourth converter 3-x-b, in whichthe IF version 2-sig-2 of the second signal coexists in the sharedwire-based medium 2-WM together with the IF version 2-sig-1 of the firstsignal as the two signals have different frequency spans 2-IF-2, 2-IF-1;use the fourth converter 3-x-b to extract the IF version 2-sig-2 of thesecond signal from the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, and shift infrequency the IF version 2-sig-2 of the second signal, thereby producinga RF version 2-sig-r-2 of the second signal; and wirelessly transmit theRF version 2-sig-r-2 of the second signal via the second antenna3-ant-2.

In one embodiment, the IF version 2-sig-2 of the second signal and theIF version 2-sig-1 of the first signal contain frequencies below 500 MHz(five hundred megahertz); and the RF version 2-sig-r-2 of the secondsignal and the RF version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal containfrequencies above 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz), in which the sharedwire-based medium 2-WM is better (e.g., more efficient) at transportingfrequencies below 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) than transportingfrequencies above 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz).

In one embodiment, the IF version 2-sig-2 of the second signal and theIF version 2-sig-1 of the first signal contain frequencies below 1 GHz(one gigahertz); and the RF version 2-sig-r-2 of the second signal andthe RF version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal contain frequencies above 1GHz (one gigahertz), in which the shared wire-based medium 2-WM isbetter (e.g., more efficient) at transporting frequencies below 1 GHz(one gigahertz) than transporting frequencies above 1 GHz (onegigahertz).

In one embodiment, the IF version 2-sig-2 of the second signal and theIF version 2-sig-1 of the first signal contain frequencies below 1.5 GHz(one point five gigahertz); and the RF version 2-sig-r-2 of the secondsignal and the RF version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal containfrequencies above 1.5 GHz (one point five gigahertz), in which theshared wire-based medium 2-WM is better (e.g., more efficient) attransporting frequencies below 1.5 GHz (one point five gigahertz) thantransporting frequencies above 1.5 GHz (one point five gigahertz).

In one embodiment, the second antenna 3-ant-2 and the first antenna3-ant-1 are a same one antenna operative to transmit the RF version2-sig-r-2 of the first signal and the RF version of the second signal2-sig-r-1 via two different bands respectively 2-RF-1, 2-RF-2.

In one embodiment, the vehicle 1-vehicle is an on-road vehicle having alength of at least two meters; the first location and the secondlocation are separated by at least one meter; the second location andthe fourth location are associated with an exterior surface of thevehicle related to at least one of: (i) a roof of the vehicle, in whichat least one of the antennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2 is mounted on the roof ofthe vehicle (e.g., as shown by 3-ant-1 and 3-ant-4), (ii) a front sideof the vehicle, in which at least one of the antennas 3-ant-2 pointsforward, (iii) a rear side of the vehicle, in which at least one of theantennas 3-ant-1, 3-ant-2 points backwards (e.g., as shown by 3-ant-3),and (iv) a door of the vehicle, in which at least one of the antennas3-ant-1, 3-ant-2 points sideways; and the first location and the thirdlocation are associated with internal locations in the vehicle1-vehicle, in which the first transmission source 1-source-1 and thesecond transmission source 1-source-2 are either co-located at a singleinternal location or separated in two different internal locations inthe vehicle.

In one embodiment, the system is further configured to: receive a firstinbound RF signal 2-sig-r-3 via the first antenna 3-ant-1; down-convertthe first inbound RF signal 2-sig-r-3, by the second converter 3-x-a,into a first inbound IF signal 2-sig-3; and transport, via the sharedwired-based medium 2-WM, the first inbound IF signal 2-sig-3 from thesecond converter 3-x-a to a first receiver associated with the firsttransmission source 1 -source-1.

In one embodiment, the system further comprises: a second antenna3-ant-2 embedded at a third location in the vehicle 1-vehicle; and athird converter 3-x-b co-located with the second antenna 3-ant-2;wherein the system is further configured to: transport the IF version2-sig-1 of the first signal, via the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, fromthe first converter 3-x-c into the third converter 3-x-b; use the thirdconverter 3-x-b to extract the IF version 2-sig-1 of the first signalfrom the shared wire-based medium 2-WM, and shift in frequency the IFversion 2-sig-1 of the first signal, thereby producing a secondradio-frequency (RF) version of the first signal 2-sig-r-1; andwirelessly transmit the second RF version of the first signal 2-sig-r-1via the second antenna 3-ant-2.

In one embodiment, the system is further configured to: measure, betweenand by the first converter 3-x-c and the second converter 3-x-a, afrequency response of the a shared wire-based medium 2-WM; and equalize,by at least one of the second converter 3-x-a and the first converter3-x-c, the RF version 2-sig-r-1 of the first signal using saidmeasurement.

The present invention should not be considered limited to the particularembodiments described above, but rather should be understood to coverall aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the present claims.Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerousstructures to which the present invention may be applicable, will bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art to which the presentinvention is directed upon review of the present disclosure. The claimsare intended to cover such modifications.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system operative to transport multi-standardsignals between different elements in a vehicle using a sharedwire-based medium, comprising: at least a first transmission source anda second transmission source, all embedded in a vehicle, in which thefirst transmission source is configured to generate a first intermediatefrequency (IF) signal associated with a first wireless transmissionstandard and having a first frequency span, and the second transmissionsource is configured to generate a second IF signal associated with asecond wireless transmission standard and having a second differentfrequency span; at least a first antenna co-located with a firstconverter and a second antenna co-located with a second converter, allembedded in the vehicle; and a shared wired-based medium interconnectingthe transmission sources and converters, wherein the system isconfigured to: transport, via the shared wired-based medium, the firstIF signal from the first transmission source to the first converter, andthe second IF signal from the second transmission source to the secondconverter, up-convert the first IF signal transported and the second IFsignal transported, respectively by the first converter and the secondconverter, into a first radio frequency (RF) signal having a firstfrequency span associated with the first standard and a second RF signalhaving a second frequency span associated with the second standard, andtransmit wirelessly the first RF signal and the second RF signalrespectively via the first antenna and the second antenna.
 2. The systemof claim 1, wherein the system is further configured to: receive a firstinbound RF signal having the first frequency span associated with thefirst standard and a second inbound RF signal having the secondfrequency span associated with the second standard via the first antennaand the second antenna respectively, down-convert the first inbound RFsignal and the second inbound RF signal, by the first converter and thesecond converted respectively, into a first inbound IF signal having athird frequency span and a second inbound IF signal having a fourthdifferent frequency span, respectively, and transport, via the sharedwired-based medium, the first inbound IF signal from the first converterto a first receiver operative to decode the first inbound IF signal inconjunction with the first standard, and the second inbound IF signalfrom the second converter to a second receiver operative to decode thesecond inbound IF signal in conjunction with the second standard.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the first standard is a cellularcommunication standard associated with one of: (i) long term evolutioncellular technology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology(2G), (iii) third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourthgeneration cellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generation cellulartechnology (5G), and the second standard is a cellular communicationstandard associated with a different one of: (i) long term evolutioncellular technology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology(2G), (iii) third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourthgeneration cellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generation cellulartechnology (5G).
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein: the frequency spanassociated with the fist standard is associated with one of: (i) a 500MHz (five hundred megahertz) band, (ii) a 600 MHz (six hundredmegahertz) band, (iii) a 700 MHz (seven hundred megahertz) band, (iv) a800 MHz (eight hundred megahertz) band, (v) a 900 MHz (nine hundredmegahertz) band, (vi) a 1.7 GHz (one point seven gigahertz) band, (vii)a 1.8 GHz (one point eight gigahertz) band, (viii) a 1.9 GHz (one pointnine gigahertz) band, (ix) a 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x)a 2.3 GHz (two point three gigahertz) band, (xi) a 2.4 GHz (two pointfour gigahertz) band, (xii) a 2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz) band,(xiii) a 3.6 GHz (three point six gigahertz) band, (xiv) a 26 GHz(twenty six gigahertz) band, or (xv) a millimeter-wave band, and thefrequency span associated with the second standard is associated with adifferent one of: (i) the 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) band, (ii)the 600 MHz (six hundred megahertz) band, (iii) the 700 MHz (sevenhundred megahertz) band, (iv) the 800 MHz (eight hundred megahertz)band, (v) the 900 MHz (nine hundred megahertz) band, (vi) the 1.7 GHz(one point seven gigahertz) band, (vii) the 1.8 GHz (one point eightgigahertz) band, (viii) the 1.9 GHz (one point nine gigahertz) band,(ix) the 2.1 GHz (two point one gigahertz) band, (x) the 2.3 GHz (twopoint three gigahertz) band, (xi) the 2.4 GHz (two point four gigahertz)band, (xii) the 2.5 GHz (two point five gigahertz) band, (xiii) the 3.6GHz (three point six gigahertz) band, (xiv) the 26 GHz (twenty sixgigahertz) band, or (xv) the millimeter-wave band.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein: the first standard is a cellular communicationstandard associated with at least one of: (i) long term evolutioncellular technology (LTE), (ii) second generation cellular technology(2G), (iii) third generation cellular technology (3G), (iv) fourthgeneration cellular technology (4G), or (v) fifth generation cellulartechnology (5G), and the second standard is a radar standard associatedwith at least one of: (i) millimeter-wave radar technology, (ii)microwave radar technology, (iii) phased-array radar technology, or (iv)MIMO radar technology.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: the firststandard is a general purpose cellular communication standard, and thesecond standard is a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standard.7. The system of claim 6, wherein the V2X communication standard isassociated with at least one of: (i) IEEE 801.11p dedicated short-rangecommunication (DSRC), or (ii) 3GPP cellular vehicle-to-everything(C-V2X) communication.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: the firstconverter includes a first RF mixer operative to shift the first IFsignal into a higher frequency associated with the frequency span of thefirst standard, and the second converter includes a second RF mixeroperative to shift the second IF signal into a higher frequencyassociated with the frequency span of the second standard.
 9. The systemof claim 1, wherein: the first transmission source comprises: (i) afirst transmitter configured to generate an original version of thefirst RF signal having the first frequency span associated with thefirst standard, and (ii) a first down-converter configured to shift theoriginal version of the first RF signal into a lower frequencyassociated with the first frequency span of the first IF signal; and thesecond transmission source comprises: (i) a second transmitterconfigured to generate an original version of the second RF signalhaving the second frequency span associated with the second standard,and (ii) a second down-converter configured to shift the originalversion of the second RF signal into a lower frequency associated withthe second frequency span of the second IF signal, where the first RFsignal is an exact replica of the original version of the first RFsignal and having the exact same frequency span, and the second RFsignal is an exact replica of the original version of the second RFsignal and having the exact same frequency span.
 10. The system of claim1, wherein the shared wired-based medium is associated with at least oneof: (i) a coaxial cable, (ii) a twisted pair wire, (iii) acat5/cat6/cat7 cable, or (iv) any cable capable of facilitatingpropagation of electromagnetic signals.
 11. The system of claim 1,wherein the transmission sources and the converters are connected to theshared wired-based medium at different points using tri-port RFelements.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the tri-port RF elementscomprise diplexers.
 13. A method for transporting multi-standard signalsbetween different elements in a vehicle using a shared wire-basedmedium, comprising: associating, in a vehicle, a plurality ofintermediate frequency (IF) slots respectively with a plurality ofsignal producers that are associated respectively with a plurality ofwireless transmission standards; transporting, via a shared wire-basedmedium, using the plurality of IF slots, respectively a plurality ofsignals from the plurality of signal producers to a plurality of signalconsumers; and up-converting, by the plurality of signal consumers, fromthe shared wire-based medium, the plurality of signals into a respectiveplurality of radio-frequency (RF) signals having respectively aplurality of RF frequency spans associated respectively with theplurality of wireless transmission standards.
 14. The method of claim13, wherein: at least one of the signal producers is a basebandtransmitter operative to convert data symbols into at least one of thesignals that therefore constitutes a modulated signal for transmission,at least one of the respective signal consumers comprises a mixer and anantenna, said up-converting of the respective signal into the respectiveRF signal is done by said mixer, and the method further comprisestransmitting wirelessly the respective RF signal via said antenna. 15.The method of claim 14 wherein the baseband transmitter is associatedwith one of: (i) a long term evolution cellular technology (LTE)transmitter, (ii) a second generation cellular technology (2G)transmitter, (iii) a third generation cellular technology (3G)transmitter, (iv) a fourth generation cellular technology (4G)transmitter, or (v) a fifth generation cellular technology (5G)transmitter.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the basebandtransmitter is associated with a vehicle-to-everything (V2X)communication standard transmitter.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein:at least one of the signal producers comprises an antenna with a mixertogether operative to receive a wireless input signal conveying datasymbols and down-convert the wireless input signal into at least one ofthe respective signals associated with one of the IF slots, at least oneof the respective signal consumers comprises a receiver and a secondmixer, said up-converting of the respective signal into the respectiveRF signal is done by said second mixer, and the method further comprisesdecoding, by the receiver, the data symbols present in the respective RFsignal.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the receiver is associatedwith at least one of: (i) an FM radio receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is a FM radio transmission standard, (ii)a digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) receiver, in which therespective wireless transmission standard is DVB-T, (iii) an advancedtelevision systems committee (ATSC) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is ATSC, (iv) a satellite radio receiver,(v) a digital audio broadcasting (DAB) receiver, in which the respectivewireless transmission standard is DAB, or (vi) an in-band on-channel(IBOC) digital radio receiver, in which the respective wirelesstransmission standard is IBOC.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein thereceiver is associated with one of: (i) a long term evolution cellulartechnology (LTE) receiver, (ii) a second generation cellular technology(2G) receiver, (iii) a third generation cellular technology (3G)receiver, (iv) a fourth generation cellular technology (4G) receiver, or(v) a fifth generation cellular technology (5G) receiver.
 20. The methodof claim 17, wherein the receiver is associated with avehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication standard receiver.
 21. Asystem operative to transport signals between different elements in avehicle using a shared wire-based medium, comprising: a firsttransmission source embedded at a first location in a vehicle andconfigured to generate a first transmission signal; a first converterco-located with the first transmission source; a first antenna embeddedat a second location in the vehicle; a second converter co-located withthe first antenna; and a shared wire-based medium interconnecting thefirst converted and the second converter, wherein the system isconfigured to: use the first converter to shift in frequency the firsttransmission signal, thereby producing an intermediate-frequency (IF)version of the first transmission signal, transport the IF version ofthe first signal, via the shared wire-based medium, from the firstconverter into the second converter, use the second converter to extractthe IF version of the first signal from the shared wire-based medium,and shift in frequency the IF version of the first signal, therebyproducing a radio-frequency (RF) version of the first signal, andwirelessly transmit the RF version of the first signal via the firstantenna.
 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising: a secondtransmission source embedded at a third location in the vehicle andconfigured to generate a second transmission signal; a third converterco-located with the second transmission source; a second antennaembedded at a fourth location in the vehicle; and a fourth converterco-located with the second antenna, wherein the system is furtherconfigured to: use the third converter to shift in frequency the secondtransmission signal, thereby producing an IF version of the secondsignal, in which the IF version of the second signal has a differentfrequency span than the IF version of the first signal, transport the IFversion of the second signal, via the shared wire-based medium, from thethird converter into the fourth converter, in which the IF version ofthe second signal coexists in the shared wire-based medium together withthe IF version of the first signal as the two signals have differentfrequency spans, use the fourth converter to extract the IF version ofthe second signal from the shared wire-based medium, and shift infrequency the IF version of the second signal, thereby producing a RFversion of the second signal, and wirelessly transmit the RF version ofthe second signal via the second antenna.
 23. The system of claim 22,wherein: the IF version of the second signal and the IF version of thefirst signal contain frequencies below 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz),and the RF version of the second signal and the RF version of the firstsignal contain frequencies above 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz), inwhich the shared wire-based medium is better at transporting frequenciesbelow 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz) than transporting frequenciesabove 500 MHz (five hundred megahertz).
 24. The system of claim 22,wherein: the IF version of the second signal and the IF version of thefirst signal contain frequencies below 1 GHz (one gigahertz), and the RFversion of the second signal and the RF version of the first signalcontain frequencies above 1 GHz (one gigahertz), in which the sharedwire-based medium is better at transporting frequencies below 1 GHz (onegigahertz) than transporting frequencies above 1 GHz (one gigahertz).25. The system of claim 22, wherein: the IF version of the second signaland the IF version of the first signal contain frequencies below 1.5 GHz(one point five gigahertz), and the RF version of the second signal andthe RF version of the first signal contain frequencies above 1.5 GHz(one point five gigahertz), in which the shared wire-based medium isbetter at transporting frequencies below 1.5 GHz (one point fivegigahertz) than transporting frequencies above 1.5 GHz (one point fivegigahertz).
 26. The system of claim 22, wherein the second antenna andthe first antenna are a same one antenna operative to transmit the RFversion of the first signal and the RF version of the second signal viatwo different bands respectively.
 27. The system of claim 22, wherein:the vehicle is an on-road vehicle having a length of at least twometers, the first location and the second location are separated by atleast one meter, the second location and the fourth location areassociated with an exterior surface of the vehicle related to at leastone of: (i) a roof of the vehicle, in which at least one of the antennasis mounted on the roof of the vehicle, (ii) a front side of the vehicle,in which at least one of the antennas points forward, (iii) a rear sideof the vehicle, in which at least one of the antennas points backwards,or (iv) a door of the vehicle, in which at least one of the antennaspoints sideways, and the first location and the third location areassociated with internal locations in the vehicle, in which the firsttransmission source and the second transmission source are eitherco-located at a single internal location or separated in two differentinternal locations in the vehicle.
 28. The system of claim 21, furtherconfigured to: receive a first inbound RF signal via the first antenna,down-convert the first inbound RF signal, by the second converter, intoa first inbound IF signal, and transport, via the shared wired-basedmedium, the first inbound IF signal from the second converter to a firstreceiver associated with the first transmission source.
 29. The systemof claim 21, further comprising: a second antenna embedded at a thirdlocation in the vehicle; and a third converter co-located with thesecond antenna, wherein the system is further configured to: transportthe IF version of the first signal, via the shared wire-based medium,from the first converter into the third converter, use the thirdconverter to extract the IF version of the first signal from the sharedwire-based medium, and shift in frequency the IF version of the firstsignal, thereby producing a second radio-frequency (RF) version of thefirst signal, and wirelessly transmit the second RF version of the firstsignal via the second antenna.
 30. The system of claim 21, furtherconfigured to: measure, between and by the first converter and thesecond converter, a frequency response of the shared wire-based medium,and equalize, by at least one of the second converter and the firstconverter, the RF version of the first signal using said measurement.